Nfluence of exogenous factors on the morphological structure of the liver (literature review and original research)

Objective: to study the influence of exogenous factors on the morphological structure of the liver based on literature analysis and original experimental research. Materials and methods. A literature review was conducted on drug-induced liver injury, alcoholic liver disease, and the effects of ammonia on hepatocytes. An experimental study was performed on male rats with modeling of metabolic disorders by administration of palm oil (30 mg/kg) for 8 weeks and dexamethasone (0.125 mg/kg) for 13 days. The effects of metformin (300 mg/kg) and vildagliptin (8 mg/kg) on morphological liver changes were studied. Results. It was established that drugs cause various morphological liver changes: steatohepatitis, veno-occlusive disease, cholestasis, acute and chronic hepatitis, granulomatous hepatitis. Alcoholic liver disease is characterized by activation of lipogenesis, inhibition of β-oxidation of fatty acids, disruption of NADH/NAD+ redox balance, development of oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis. Ammonia exerts cytotoxic effects by disrupting glutamate metabolism and the Krebs cycle. The experimental study revealed pronounced dystrophic changes with predominant fatty dystrophy in centrilobular zones in the control group. Vildagliptin application showed better results compared to metformin in restoring liver morphological structure. Conclusion. Exogenous factors cause a complex of pathomorphological liver changes at cellular, tissue, and organ levels. Understanding the mechanisms of hepatotoxic action of various agents is necessary for developing effective methods of prevention and treatment of drug-induced liver injury.