Sowing methods and sowing rates influence on the seeds sowing quality and plants safety for harvesting buckwheat varieties

The purpose of research is to reveal the significance of the studied elements of technology in the process of formation of sowing qualities of seeds. Laboratory and field experiments were carried out with 2 varieties of buckwheat: Zemlyachka (Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Ufa), Zhdanka (OPKh (experimental production farm) Kuraginskoye, the Krasnoyarsk Region). The study options were 2 sowing methods (row: row spacing 15 cm; inter-row - 30 cm) and 3 seeding rates: 2.5; 1.8 and 1.2 million viable seeds per 1 ha. Plant density was determined on test plots 0.25 m2 in size for all repetitions in four repetitions during full germination and before harvesting. The laboratory germination of seeds was determined in accordance with GOST 12038-84(2011). Significant differences in germination energy and laboratory germination of seeds in varieties according to the studied variants were obtained. The germination energy and laboratory germination of seeds were higher in the Zemlyachka variety. A significant difference in sowing qualities of seeds was observed over the years. Significantly higher values of laboratory germination were found with the inter-row sowing method. In fact, there were no significant differences in germination energy by sowing methods. Significantly higher values for germination energy, laboratory germination were obtained at a seeding rate of 1.8 million seeds/1 ha. A higher contribution to the germination energy variability is made by the factor “years” (29.6 %), the interaction of the factors “variety × years” (19.9 %), “years × seeding rate”, “seeding rate” (9.4 %), “variety × years × seeding rate” (8.9 %). The phenotypic variability of laboratory germination includes a large proportion of the interaction of the factors "variety × years" (31.1 %), "variety × years × seeding rates" (15.7 %), "years" (12.9 %), "variety" (10.8 %). The main influence on the variability of field germination was exerted by the growing conditions (64.3 %), then the interaction of the factors "vegetation conditions × seeding rate" (13.2 %), "variety × growing conditions × seeding rate" (10.3 %). Higher field germination values were obtained with an ordinary sowing method, the seeding rate was 1.2 million seeds per 1 ha. The survival rate of plants for harvesting was higher with the row sowing method at a seeding rate of 1.8 million seeds per 1 ha. The Zemlyachka variety stood out in terms of plant survival for harvesting. The combination of the following factors showed the greatest influence on the variability of plant survival “years × seeding rates” (26.1 %), “years × sowing methods × seeding rates” (21.1 %), “years” (12.9 %), “sowing methods × seeding rates” (10.1 %). The highest proportion of variability in the number of plants per unit area is caused by seeding rates (74.2 %) and vegetation conditions (16.1 %).