Foreign policy of Alexander I and Nicholas I: continuity and difference (1814-1855)

Emperors in domestic historiography are usually opposed. However, the analysis shows that in the foreign policy of Alexander I and Nicholas I there is a significant continuity. Both emperors sought to defend the alliance of continental monarchs on the basis of the principle of legitimism and traditional values as a strategic goal. This included opposition to the claims of dominance in Europe by Britain, whose policies increasingly relied on liberal values and pragmatic principles. Both emperors also sought to counteract the expansion of revolutionary movements in Europe. As for tactical decisions, Alexander I showed more flexibility and ability to maneuver. This is especially noticeable in his Middle Eastern politics, in which he sought to unite the allies on the platform of the solution proposed by Russia. Nicholas I sought to preserve the system of international relations created by Alexander I, but at the same time showed much less flexibility and diplomacy, refused to notice the changed political realities. The years of his reign became a time of revolutions in Europe, and many European states, starting with Great Britain, began to profess pragmatic principles. Under these conditions, the position of the Russian emperor doomed the country to foreign policy isolation.