East European champleve enamels: independent development or relationship with provincial roman enameling?

This paper compares manufacturing techniques, evolution of styles and changes over time in the spread of provincial Roman and East European champleve enamels. Identical production techniques, stylistic and chronological similarity in development of both styles, the same period of the most extensive use, and, more importantly, parallel decline in the production of champleve enamels of Roman continental provinces and the East European enameling suggest that these production traditions were closely related to each other throughout the entire period of their use. Penetration of the Chernyakhov population into the territory occupied by the Kiev culture in the Dnieper region was not the only, and, probably, not the most important reason why ‘Barbarian’ jewelry with enameled fields disappeared.