Interaction of non-profit organizations as a factor influencing socio-economic ties among BRICS Countries

This study examines the role of non-profit organizations (NPOs) as an underappreciated instrument for strengthening socio-economic integration among BRICS countries amidst the transformation of the global architecture and sanctions pressure. The relevance of this work stems from the need to identify alternative mechanisms of economic interaction capable of offsetting the constraints imposed by formal institutions. Its scholarly novelty lies in developing a typology of mechanisms through which NPOs influence economic ties within the association, encompassing four primary forms: facilitating trade relations through business associations, shaping a common scientific and educational space, enabling technology transfer and supporting innovative entrepreneurship, and fostering social entrepreneurship and an inclusive economy. Non-profit organizations are considered instruments of soft power and public diplomacy, contributing to the formation of social capital as conceptualized by R. Putnam and J. Coleman – namely, horizontal networks of trust that lower the transaction costs of international engagement. Unlike existing research focusing on intergovernmental cooperation, this study systematizes the practices of non-state actors and quantitatively assesses their economic impact. The methodological framework integrates the institutional approach, the concept of social capital, and comparative legal analysis, employing methods of comparative, content, and statistical analysis. The empirical base encompasses data on 1,247 joint projects undertaken by non-profit organizations from BRICS countries between 2015 and 2023, as well as official statistics from national bodies and international organizations. The findings indicate that NPOs contribute approximately 1–4% of the association's GDP, create millions of jobs, and reduce transaction costs in international engagement. A significant institutional heterogeneity in national regulatory models governing the non-profit sector is identified, creating barriers to cross-border cooperation. Study limitations include the incomparability of statistical data and the lack of transparency regarding financial flows within the alliance. Future research avenues include longitudinal analysis of NPO activities' effects and comparative studies with the experience of other regional associations.