Yield structure in the production of certified seeds from bulgarian potato varieties

Автор: Nacheva E., Blagoeva V., Masheva S., Michov M., Yankova V., Iliev E., Markova D.

Статья в выпуске: 1 (22), 2014 года.

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The experiment was performed in the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv and Experimental station, Samokov during the period 2009-2011. The aim of this study was to investigate yield structure in the production of certified seeds from Bulgarian potato varieties. Three factors field experiment was set with 12 combinations with established effect of the factors - fertilization rate, planting density and term of leaf striping on the yield of the variants. The total yield in production of certified seeds from Bulgarian potato varieties varies from 2282 to 3556 kg/da. The standard yield of the seed fractions increases significantly with the increase of planting density and decrease of the duration of term of leaf striping.

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Potato, production of certified seeds, factors forming the yield, standard yield

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/14025059

IDR: 14025059

Текст научной статьи Yield structure in the production of certified seeds from bulgarian potato varieties

observance of some basic elements in

low level of material and technical foun-

P otatoes are basic crop in Bulgaria. During the last years the areas that are occupied by potatoes in Bulgaria were reduced to 15 000 ha with an average yield 1300-1800 kg/da. The inadequate yield level is due to a complex of conditions and reasons like non-

the growing technology of potato for consumption and seed production, disturbed system of variety maintenance and seed production, use of planting material with poor quality, high background of infestation in Bulgaria (Muletarova and Nacheva, 1995), and

dation. These reasons result in production of planting material with poor quality and high cost price being a stimulus for import of seed potato. The annual imports of seed potatoes contributes to the emergence of several new diseases and pests – potato cyst nematodes G.

rostochiensis (Trifonova and Blagoeva, 2008) and G. pallida (Samaliev et al., 1995), new virus strains (Petrov et al., 2008), and pathotypes of pathogens (Nikolov et al., 2008).

The abovementioned circumstances require necessity of development of improved, scientifically valid technological decisions for seed potato production in Bulgaria. Different agrarian and technical decisions are applied for optimization of production systems for certified potato seed like higher planting density (Yang et al., 2009), increased level of mineral fertilization (Callihan et al., 2007), earlier term of leaf striping (Amelyushkina et al., 2008). The application of these decisions result in increase of size of the standard yield in seed fractions, decrease of percentage of non-standard big tubers and have a positive effect on the quality and health status of seed potato (Plotnytska and Vermenko, 2007).

The aim of this study was to investigate yield structure in the production of certified seeds of the Bulgarian potato varieties.

Material and methods

The experiment was performed in the Maritsa vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv and in the Experimental

Field experiment was set in 4 replications at 75 cm distance between the rows on 8 m2 experimental plot. The seeds were planted on the experimental plots of the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv and in Experimental station of potato in Samokov at the beginning of May. The experiments were conducted according to the agricultural practices adopted for potato growing in mountain conditions. The characters recorded during harvesting of the variants from each plot are the following: standard tubers, non-standard tubers, and total tuber number, standard yield, non-standard yield and total yield. According to the Regulation № 16/30.05.2008 the following size of potato seeds were considered: 2,5 to 6 сm – standard potato seeds; 2,5-3,5 сm – small fraction of potato seeds, and 3,56 сm – large fraction. Percentage of each fraction and average weight of a tuber were calculated. The obtained data were mathematically processed by Duncan Multiple range test (1955).

Results and discussions

The significant differences in the yield structure determined by fractions, depending on the influence of fertilizing

rate, planting density and term of leaf striping were recorded in the production of certified potato seeds (Table 1).

The range of values of the total yield in the variety Perun is 2627-3556 kg/da, in the variety Kalina is 2282-3435 kg/da, and in the variety Bor is 2295-3409 kg/da. The variability of this trait depends also on the three factors and their interactions. The maximal value for all Bulgarian varieties is recorded in the variant that combines the increased rate of nitrogen and potassium fertilization, 18 cm distance in the row and where the term of leaf striping was 30 days after mass blossoming. The minimal value was recorded in the variant N16 P14 K18 were the term of leaf striping was 20 days after mass blossoming, the planting density was 18 cm (Perun and Kalina) and 22 cm (Bor). The total yield increases significantly with the increase of nitrogen and potassium fertilization rate, planting density and the duration of term of leaf striping.

Yield structure determined by fractions in the variety Perun showed that the lowest yield of non-standard tubers with size below 2,5 сm (18 kg/da) was obtained in variant including the increased rate of nitrogen and potassi-

station of potato, Samokov, during the period of 2009-2011. Three factors field experiment from 3 x 2 x 2 type i.e. 12 combinations was set for study of the factors having effect on the yield of certified potato seeds. The influence of fertilization rate, planting density and term of leaf striping was established in these combinations.

Factor А – Fertilization rate

Degrees а 1 – N 16 P 14 K 18

а2 – N18 P14 K18

а3 – N18 P14 K22

Factor В – Planting density

Degrees b1- 18 сm b2 – 22 сm

Factor С – Term of leaf striping Degrees с1 – 20 days after mass blossoming с2 – 30 days after mass blossoming

Table 1.

Structure of yield in the production of certified potato seeds

Perun

Kalina

Bor

Degree

fractions

Total yield (kg/da)

fractions

Total yield (kg/da)

fractions

Total yield (kg/da)

< 25 mm

25-35 mm

35-60 mm

> 60 mm

< 25 mm

25-35 mm

35-60 mm

> 60 mm

< 25 mm

25-35 mm

35-60 mm

> 60 mm

a 1 b 1 c 1

70 a

654 ab

1828 ns

75 ns

2627 g

51 ns

509 a

1515 ns

207 b

2282 c

47 a

424 ab

1543 ns

310 ns

2324 i

a₁ b₁ c₂

62 ab

444 a-d

1994 ns

458 ns

2958 d-g

37 ns

425 abc

1783 ns

327 ab

2572 bc

29 abc

390 abc

1763 ns

440 ns

2622 f-i

a₁ b₂ c₁

68 ab

569 abc

1908 ns

260 ns

2805 f-g

37 ns

283 abc

1801 ns

426 ab

2547 bc

29 abc

230 cd

1636 ns

400 ns

2295 i

a₁ b₂ c₂

50 ab

362 cd

2163 ns

365 ns

2940 d-g

27 ns

293 abc

1914 ns

522 ab

2756 abc

18 bc

211 cd

1750 ns

518 ns

2497 g-i

a 2 b 1 c 1

56 ab

696 a

2101 ns

120 ns

2973 c-g

43 ns

430 abc

2028 ns

395 ab

2896 abc

37 ab

360 a-d

1996 ns

457 ns

2850 d-g

a₂ b₁ c₂

28 ab

533 a-d

2366 ns

269 ns

3196 a-e

31 ns

365 abc

2152 ns

586 ab

3134 ab

22 abc

317 a-d

2199 ns

544 ns

3082 a-e

a₂ b₂ c₁

44 ab

440 a-d

2068 ns

291 ns

2843 e-g

24 ns

370 abc

1970 ns

585 ab

2949 abc

15 bc

240 cd

2115 ns

443 ns

2813 e-h

a₂ b₂ c₂

39 ab

281 d

2355 ns

494 ns

3169 b-f

25 ns

225 bc

2098 ns

757 a

3105 ab

9 c

194 d

2192 ns

556 ns

2951 b-f

a 3 b 1 c 1

53 ab

560 abc

2351 ns

333 ns

3297 a-d

35 ns

447 ab

2148 ns

485 ab

3115 ab

29 abc

449 a

2339 ns

449 ns

3266 abc

a₃ b₁ c₂

41 ab

322 cd

2800 ns

393 ns

3556 a

25 ns

307 abc

2470 ns

633 ab

3435 a

19 bc

264 bcd

2573 ns

553 ns

3409 a

a₃ b₂ c₁

29 ab

468 a-d

2263 ns

402 ns

3162 b-f

30 ns

230 bc

2214 ns

609 ab

3083 ab

18 bc

249 bcd

2271 ns

702 ns

3240 a-d

a₃ b₂ c₂

18 b

292 d

2508 ns

563 ns

3381 ab

18 ns

215 c

2262 ns

793 a

3288 ab

9 c

207 cd

2364 ns

819 ns

3399 a

а₁ (average)

63 ab

507 a-d

1973 ns

290 ns

2833 e-g

38 ns

377 abc

1753 ns

371 ab

2539 bc

31 abc

314 a-d

1673 ns

417 ns

2435 h-i

а₂ (average)

42 ab

488 a-d

2223 ns

293 ns

3046 b-f

31 ns

347 abc

2062 ns

581 ab

3021 abc

21 abc

278 a-d

2126 ns

500 ns

2925 b-f

а₃ (average)

35 ab

411 b-d

2481 ns

423 ns

3349 a-c

27 ns

300 abc

2274 ns

630 ab

3231 ab

18 bc

292 a-d

2387 ns

631 ns

3328 ab

b₁ (average)

52 ab

535 a-d

2240 ns

275 ns

3101 b-f

37 ns

414 abc

2016 ns

439 ab

2906 abc

30 abc

367 a-d

2069 ns

459 ns

2925 b-f

b₂ (average)

41 ab

402 b-d

2211 ns

396 ns

3050 b-f

27 ns

269 bc

2043 ns

615 ab

2954 abc

16 bc

222 cd

2054 ns

573 ns

2865 c-g

с₁ (average)

53 ab

565 abc

2087 ns

247 ns

2951 d-g

37 ns

378 abc

1946 ns

451 ab

2812 abc

29 abc

325 a-d

1983 ns

460 ns

2797 e-h

с₂ (average)

40 ab

372 cd

2364 ns

424 ns

3200 a-e

27 ns

305 abc

2113 ns

603 ab

3048 ab

18 bc

264 bcd

2140 ns

572 ns

2994 b-f

Mean value

468

2225

335

3076

341

2030

527

2930

295

2062

516

2896

Figure 1. Percentage of yield distribution fractions obtained from varieties Perun, Kalina and Bor

um fertilization, 22 cm planting density and term of leaf striping 30 days after mass blossoming. The highest yield (70 kg/da) was recorded in the variant of fertilization N16 P14 K18, 18 cm planting density and term of leaf striping 20 day after mass blossoming. The minimum and the maximum values of non standard yield in fraction less than 2,5 cm in the varieties Kalina and Bor were recorded in the same two combinations, but the amplitude of variation is lower (18-51 kg/da in Kalina and 9-47 kg/da in Bor). The amount of this non-standard fraction decreases with increase of the fertilization rate with nitrogen and potassium, distance in the row and duration of leaf striping. The percentage expression of the fraction as a part of

| □< 25 mm 125-35 mm И35-60 mm D> 60mm 1

I □< 25 mm 125-35 mm В35-60 mm D>60mm |

Figure 1. Percentage of yield distribution fractions obtained from varieties Perun, Kalina and Bor

total yield per variety is comparatively small (Figure 1) and varies from 0,5 to 2,7 % in Perun, 0,5-2,2 % in Kalina and 0,32,0 % in Bor. The average weight of tubers in this fraction is 9-17 g (Figure 2).

The yield of small seed fraction (2535 mm) varies from 194 kg/da (Bor, variant N18 P14 K18, 22 cm planting density and term of leaf striping 30 day after mass blossoming) to 696 kg/da (Perun, in variant including the increased rate of nitrogen fertilization, 18 cm planting density and term of leaf striping 20 days after mass blossoming). Its average absolute value is 468 kg/da for the vari- ety Perun and in percentage – 15,2 % with an average weight of tubers 28 g, 341 kg/da for the variety Kalina and in percentage – 11,6 % with an average weight of tubers 30 g, and 295 kg/da for the variety Bor and in percentage – 10,2 % with an average weight of tubers 30 g. The maximal expression of this fraction is recorded in the variants including 18 cm planting density and term of leaf striping 20 days after blossoming. The amount of the fraction (25-35 mm) decreases with increase of nitrogen fertilization rate, of distance in the row and of duration of term for leaf striping. The percentage expression of the fraction as a part of total yield for each variant is with amplitude of variation from 6,1 to 24,9 %, and an average weight of tubers from 22 to 38 g.

The fraction 35-60 mm is described as having the highest percentage of the total yield – average 72,4 % and in absolute value – 2225 kg/da for the variety Perun, 69,3 % and in absolute value – 2030 kg/da for the variety Kalina, and 71,2 % and in absolute value – 2062 kg/da for the variety Bor. The yield in the large seed fraction varies from 1515 kg/da (Kalina, in the variant N16 P14 K18, term of leaf striping 20 days after mass blossoming and 18 cm planting density)

to 2800 kg/da (Perun, in the variant N18 P14 K22, term of leaf striping 30 days after mass blossoming and 18 cm planting density), and the average weight of tubers varies from 51 to 81 g. The maximal value for all Bulgarian varieties was recorded in the variant with the increased rate of nitrogen and potassium fertilization, 18 cm planting density and term of leaf striping 30 day after mass blossoming. The seed amount from this fraction increases with the increase of N and K fertilization rate and duration of leaf striping term. Its percentage is with amplitude from 66,4 to 78,7 %.

The yield of the non-standard fraction of the large tubers with 6 cm diameter in different combinations varies from 75 to 819 kg/da, its percentage – from 2,9 to 24,4 %, and the average tuber weight varies from 104 to 217 g. The higher dose of nitrogen and potassium fertilization, the larger distance of planting and the more late term of leaf striping have an unfavorable effect, for example they increase the proportion of non-standard large tuber.

Conclusions

The significant differences in the yield structure determined by fractions, depending on the influence of fertilizing rate, planting density and term of leaf striping were recorded in the production of certified potato seeds.

The total yield of certified seeds of the Bulgarian potato varieties Perun, Kalina and Bor varies from 2282 to 3556 kg/da. The total yield increases significantly with the increase of nitrogen and potassium fertilization rate, planting density and the duration of term of leaf striping.

The percentage of the non-standard tubers with size below 2,5 cm is the lowest (in average 1,1 %) among the total produce.

The percentage of the fraction of the small seeds with diameter from 2,5 to 3,5 cm is within the limits 6,1 to 24,9 %. The maximal expression of this fraction is recorded in the variants including 18 cm planting density and term of leaf striping 20 days after blossoming.

The amount of the fraction of large seeds with size from 3,5 to 6 сm varies from 66,4 to 78,7%.

The yield of the non-standard large tubers with diameter over 6 cm is averagely 460 kg/da, that is 15,6 % from the total produce. The more dense planting and earlier term of leaf striping can positively influence on reduction of this fraction.

Список литературы Yield structure in the production of certified seeds from bulgarian potato varieties

Amelyushkina T., Semeshkina P., Anisimov B., 2008. The effect of leaf stripping and protective measure data on potato seed material. Potato culture: research results, innovations, practice. Materials of scientific and practical conference Scientific Supply and Innovative Development of Potato Culture (v. 1), p. 369-376.
Callihan R., R. Mc Dole, P. Mann, 2007. The influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on periderm anatomy in Russet Burbank potatoes. American Journal of Potato Research, Volume 50, Number 10, 380-387,
Duncan, D., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics. 11: 1-42
Muletarova, S., E. Nacheva, 1995. Monitoring of the viral diseases on potatoes of the main seed productive regions. Higher Institute of Agriculture-Plovdiv, Scientific Works, v. III, book 2, 15-18.
Nikolov P., Laginova M., Dimitrova L. 2008. The potato wart disease in Bulgaria -symptoms, speading and response of the varieties Plant Science (Bulgaria) v. 45(1) p. 28-31.
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Plotnytska, O.V., Vermenko, Yu, 2007. Productivity of seed potato depending on phytosanitary growing conditions. Ahrarna Nauka, issue 36, p. 74-78.
Samaliev H., O. Baicheva, A. Aleksiev, 1995. Identification of potato cyst nematode/Globodera pallida/in Bulgaria. Higher Institute of Agriculture-Plovdiv, Scientific Works, v. XI, book 3, p. 251-255.
Trifonova Z., V. Blagoeva, 2008. Resistance of lines and potato cultivars to Globodera rostochiensis. Plant Science (Bulgaria) v. 45(3) p. 218-221.
Yang X., H. Tian, J. Wei, 2009. Effect of different sowing method and population density on seed potato production. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, p. 4-9.

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