Youth entrepreneurship of Republic Sakha (Yakutia): status and perspectives

For business development at the federal level is carried out purposeful work of retained in the legal sphere: a federal law on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises [1, 2007], developed a package of laws aimed at reducing administrative barriers. On the basis of a federal law enacted law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), "On the development of small and medium enterprises in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)," in which one of the priorities of state policy is to support youth entrepreneurship [2, 2008]. In business development role for a large participation of young people as the most active and enterprising social group, the strategic resource of innovative change and transformation in the country. Young people create opportunities for the realization of entrepreneurial initiatives to create their own businesses, because small and medium businesses to create new jobs and reduce the actual level of unemployment, the training of qualified personnel. The small enterprise sector is a favorable environment for the realization of ideas, initiatives and creative ambitions of young people. However, self-actualization of young people in entrepreneurship in the country is constrained by a number of reasons:

lack of youth initial capital (funds) for the implementation of business initiatives;

lack of the required (practical) skills, experience and certain of competence for the conduct of business;

business activities of young people may be constrained by uncertainty and economic conditions, high interest rates for commercial loans, imperfect legal framework.

At the beginning of 2010 in the country registered 49,362 subjects of small and medium businesses, including 115 medium-sized enterprises, 4952 small businesses, 4255 households and 40,040 individual entrepreneurs [3, 2010]. From the number of registered private entrepreneurs, almost every sixth belongs to the category of youth. For comparison, the proportion of young entrepreneurs in 2007 was 11% in 2008 rose to 14%, i.e. an annual average increase of 3%. The analysis of business structures showed that the territorial aspect, the largest proportion of entrepreneurs among the youth is registered in the industrial group ulus - 17% of the total number of entrepreneurs in rural encampments young entrepreneurs account for 13% of the total number of entrepreneurs in the Arctic ulus group – one in ten business relates to the youth of society. In Gornom, Nyurbinskaya encampments in the city of Yakutsk, the proportion of young entrepreneurs was 17%, higher than the average figure. In the Arctic group ulus largest number of youth entrepreneurs registered in the Verkhoyansk ulus - 543 FE, agricultural encampments (Vil-iuisk, Megino-Kangalassky, Namskom, Chu-rapchinskom, Ust-Aldan) - More than 800 entrepreneurs, in the industrial group ulus and the city Yakutsk - about 14,000 PIs. It should be noted that between 2000 and 2007, decreased activity of young people. Thus, according to statistics, the proportion of young people employed in the economy amounted to 24.5% in 2000, 20.5% - in 2007. In 2008 the proportion of total youth employment in the economy rose to 22.6%. The decline from previous years for this indicator occurred due to the fact that young people are the focus of its development has paid increasing level of education, training in educational institutions. The number of students increased from 40 thousand in 2000 to 70 thousand in 2007 and stabilized in 2008, along with an increase in the activity of young entrepreneurs. A total mass of the working population of young entrepreneurs in 2008 amounted to about 5%.

The structure of employment for young entrepreneurs by economic activity remains virtually unchanged over the years, as follows: trade - 37%, transport - 17%, real estate transactions -15%, the provision of services - 9%. In the field of agriculture employs 5% of young entrepreneurs in the manufacturing industries - only 6%. Young people have recently been very active and interested in submitting ideas, one's own business in the manufacturing industries. Annually increase the percentage of participation in the production of young entrepreneurs working in agriculture, through mining, manufacturing and other industries. Our observations show that the youth track new trends in implementing the state policy in the field of entrepreneurship.

We conducted the research among youth 18-30 years in southern Yakutia revealed the basic features of today's young businessmen: the willingness to take risks, mobility, flexibility and ability to make decisions under uncertainty, which in part helps them to overcome many difficulties. A new generation of business differs from the older more active in solving financial problems, more awareness in the organization of the case. In a situation of lower income young entrepreneurs do not intend to abandon the usual level of consumption, they are more likely to choose proactive strategies to adapt to the crisis than older entrepreneurs.

Lack of financial resources for the implementation of entrepreneurship, lack of awareness about business support programs at the national and local levels, the lack of necessary knowledge and skills for business - the main reasons that reduce the activity of young people. As a result, entrepreneurial activity is perceived by young people in the context of overcoming the difficulties, most of them consider an insurmountable obstacle not only to create new business, find a niche, but also to move forward, expanding the sphere of influence of the business. Therefore, for youth involvement in entrepreneurial activities, to promote youth entrepreneurship an important role to play not only government agencies but also non-governmental organizations is including the Association of Young Entrepreneurs of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The association aims to unite young entrepreneurs at the national level in defending its interests, rights and the establishment of professional collaboration, along with the formation of evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of government programs involving the business community.

In order to stimulate entrepreneurial activity by the Government of the Republic shall in the first place measures to ensure and facilitate access of small and medium-sized enterprises to financial resources. In order to access bank credit resources are granted bail to young entrepreneurs. In addition, they are subsidized interest rates on bank loans (2/3 of the refinancing rate). Existing in the Republic Fund for Entrepreneurship Support and Guarantee Fund to help arrange access to finance for businesses. As an added bonus enterprising entrepreneurs are granted on favorable conditions microloans tions (up to 600 thousand rubles). Among young people, starting their business, demand competition for grants of up to 200 thousand rubles. A prerequisite for obtaining grant support to budding entrepreneurs is to pass the business courses, special training courses through the Business School of the republican Ministry of Enterprise Development (or its branches in Neryungri, peace). This measure has shown that this approach to the allocation of public resources improves survival and viability of business start-ups, especially in the early years of running your own business.

In order to stimulate the entrepreneurial activity by the Government of the Republic shall in the first place measure to ensure and facilitate access of small and medium-sized enterprises to financial resources. In order to access bank credit resources are granted bail to young entrepreneurs. In addition, they are subsidized interest rates on bank loans (2/3 of the refinancing rate). Existing in the Republic Fund for Entrepreneurship Support and Guarantee Fund to help arrange access to finance for businesses. As an added bonus enterprising entrepreneurs are granted on favorable conditions microloans tions (up to 600 thousand rubles). Among young people, starting their business, demand competition for grants of up to 200 thousand rubles. A prerequisite for obtaining grant support to budding entrepreneurs is to pass the business courses, special training courses through the Business School of the republican Ministry of Enterprise Development (or its branches in Neryungri, peace). This measure has shown that this approach to the allocation of public resources improves survival and viability of business start-ups, especially in the early years of running your own business.

Expanding the sphere of the business influence and it is planned to do it by the creating an interconnected network of municipal funds. Currently, they operate independently in 13 districts (Verkhnevilyuisk, Vilyui, Gornii, Namsky, Zhigansk, Kobyaysky, Lensky, Oimyakon, Olenek, Suntarsky, Tomponsky, Ust-Aldan and Khangalassky). In the remaining 22 districts of the work of the funds combined with the activities of individual professionals’ municipal administration.

In order to create more favorable conditions of business development in the encampments this year introduced a radically new measure of public support - co-financing of municipal devel- opment programs for small and medium-sized businesses. Subsidies are provided to municipalities subject to the availability of municipal programs in the basic standards of support for entrepreneurs, that is, in the presence of basal anti-crisis measures and support for infrastructure development, including youth. Currently, the program adopted by all municipalities. The specialists of the Ministry of Entrepreneurship of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is defined by the proportion of co-financing in the total cost to the municipalities into three groups, including 80 to 20% -for Arctic ulus, 60 to 40% - for agricultural ulus, 50 to 50% - for ulus industry. A new measure of state support will in conjunction with local governments to support small and medium businesses in the form of grants to start their own business, subsidized interest rates, microcredit, education and consulting support. In general, municipal co-financing programs provided by the republican and local budgets of more than 135 million rubles. (Based on the support of thousands of entrepreneurs around 6). In the agreement on co-financing program will include the mandatory conditions (points) to support entrepreneurs from among the youth.

In the market conditions, volatility of the situation relevant measure of support for startups is the pecuniary support. For the purpose of the inventory of state property on the ground made the list of office and industrial premises used exclusively for lease to small and mediumsized businesses. The property included in this list should be provided to entrepreneurs engaged in socially important kinds of business, at a reduced rental rates. Under the law, it is not only buildings, but also equipment, machines, equipment, installation and technical purposes, vehicles, equipment and tools. The work was commenced, and in the municipalities of the country. Total list of state and municipal property consists of 142 objects with total area of 25 thousand square meters. m For example, in the area Amga on concessional terms (in the first season for free) available for rent tourist base "Sardaana" 19-year-old entrepreneur in the LA area Khan-galassky young entrepreneur to provide GP services provided by the hotel to rent a room area of 200 square . m 50% discount rate. Another form of property support - pre-emptive right of the small and medium businesses to purchase the leased property (in accordance with Federal Law № 159) - has not been among the young entrepreneurs of distribution. Although the law of the republic set period of repayment installments at least 5 years and the area of 1000 square meters for both the public and to municipal property.

The most popular among the young form of property to support the initial phase of the development was a business incubator in the city of Yakutsk, where half the residents are young people. The business incubator provides the ability to significantly reduce the cost of start-up entrepreneurs by providing them not only to rent a room, but also furniture, communications equipment, office equipment. Finding the entrepreneur in the incubator is designed for 3-year lease on favorable terms, in addition, incubated businesses are accounting, legal, consulting, educational and information services. Commissioned in Business Incubator in Neryungri to support 40 start-ups, created about 180 jobs. Planned operation of incubators in urban Aldan, Nyurba in the village of Nizhny Best.

На базе мощностей ОАО «Сахамебель» создан мебельный кластер с участием субъектов малого бизнеса, среди них есть молодежь. Ведется работа по созданию промышленной зоны для субъектов малого и среднего предпринимательства в посоелке Нижний Бестях, агрозоны в посоелке Витим. Планируется создание технопарка или промзоны в городе Нерюнгри. Безусловно, во всех этих площадках найдет свое место и молодежный бизнес.

Subjects of infrastructure of support

Center/agency on business development (35 subjects)

State/municipal fund of support of business (19 subjects)

Innovative and technological center (1 subject)

Center of support of a subcontract (1 subject)

Business incubator (2 subjects)

Educational business center (1 subject)

Agency on support of export of the goods (1 subject)

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Ч1И*

Public organization/association (4 subjects)

Picture 1. The portal for small and medium entrepreneurship of the republic Sakha (Yakutia).

URL: (31.03.2012)

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is different from many of the subjects of the Far Eastern region infrastructure to support the business start-ups. Improvement of this area contributed to the creation of new infrastructure to support business – is the Business Development Centers. Of the 14 centers, which are working today, the most active centers of work in the Ust-Aldan, Mining, Namskom, Nyurbinskaya, areas. Together with municipal administrations are planned to establish such centers throughout the Republic. The effectiveness of the centers depends on the professionalism of staff, which, in turn, professional guidance to specialized structures should provide the national level (National Center for Business Support, Business School and the Republican Fund for Enterprise Development). To improve the efficiency of the optimization of existing infrastructure started by creating a support on the basis of the existing facilities a single national center, designed to provide guidance to and coordinating the development of business centers in all municipalities.

For successful operation of businesses, including beginners, a necessary condition – is improving the educational level. Among the educational services are the most popular courses teaching the fundamentals of business activities conducted by business school.

However, it requires advanced knowledge of young entrepreneurs and to open a small business and the business plan and business processes, and in the conduct of financial statements. In order to create an entrepreneurial culture and entrepreneurial potential of the younger generation in 2010 in conjunction with the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) has developed a program. It is introduced into the practice of learning the basics of economics and business schools of the republic. Even students in grades 10-11 have no idea about the scope of business, the professions, business and prospects of the species. Of the great interest is the live communication with employers, which is clearly demonstrated by the Association of Young Entrepreneurs held Sunday Business (May 2010).

To popularize the idea of entrepreneurship among young people, the formation of behavior patterns and life strategies in the field of entrepreneurship is published monthly in the journal "Entrepreneur of Yakutia", where the highlights issues of the business in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the weekly published in a television broadcast transmission "Business Formula", which gives the entrepreneur consultations on topical issues. Maintenance is carried out specialized sites where the information on the mechanisms and measures of state support for small and medium-sized businesses. Today, the task will actively use the Internet to communicate with the business community, the introduction of such forms as the Internet conference, opening virtual receptionist minister, Internet seminars.

The priorities of the state policy of support for the medium term suggest:

the promotion of infrastructure projects to support small entrepreneurship;

The empowering small businesses access to financial resources through the support of the microfinance institutions and subsidizing of interest rates on bank loans;

The promotion of the property issues to ensure small businesses, access to non-residential premises;

the development of cooperation of local governments with business entities.

In the future, the existing of the business school, business incubators, and consulting services should be merged into Small Business Development Centers, which will combine businesses operating in the territory of the municipality.

In the republic realizes the target program the "Development of Entrepreneurship and Tourism of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 2009-2011," whose main objective - is to achieve the growth of entrepreneurial activity among young people [4, 2010]. In the employment of young people actively involved large industrial companies, which make some contribution to the socioeconomic development of the region ("ALROSA", JSC "Nizhnelenskoe", JSC "Diamonds Anabar", OJSC "Surgutneftegas", etc.).

Some potential for small business development associated with the improvement of tax legislation. There have been changes in the tax policy of the Republic in terms of reduction from 15 to 10% tax rate when applying the simplified taxation system. To increase business activity and involvement of people unemployed in the business since 2010 should be entered for individual entrepreneurs on the territory of Yakutia, a simplified system of taxation on the basis of a patent. Implementing such a system will allow the North to take into account the seasonality of the work and services, on the one hand, and to simplify the registration procedure itself of tax returns, on the other. All these measures should reduce the tax burden on business activities, provide an incentive to increase the number of entrepreneurs, the legalization of most business activities, including youth and business.

The package of measures implemented by the Government on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in 2009-2010. Young people involved in entrepreneurial activity in priority sectors of the economy, is promoting the social and labor adaptation of Youth, an organization of self-employment of unemployed youth and other support measures to improve the busi- ness initiative of young people, positively inclined to an independent, effective work in the field of entrepreneurship. A Year of Youth was hold.

Begun to form an integrated community-oriented support system for youth business. An important area of major investment projects, basic industries will expand areas of small business activity in daily life. In the republic, there are niches, poorly developed by small businesses. Transport and communications, service and logistics services, road repairs and maintenance, construction and construction materials, housing and communal services, tourism and hospitality services, business services, consulting, development and introduction of new technologies - a field of small and innovative firms. In addition, in many areas of the country there are prerequisites for the development of profitable farms involved in animal husbandry, farming and other agricultural production. The implementation of targeted programs to support small businesses, according to estimates, will increase the share of employment in this sector of the total number of employed in 2015 to 35%, and by 2020 to 45%.

The Government of the Republic, the executive authorities aimed at today's multi-faceted support and the development of entrepreneurial activity among young people and put the following objectives: to create conditions for youth involvement in entrepreneurial activity, particularly in the area of innovation, industry, construction, housing, social services, to ensure the availability of small and medium-sized businesses to state and municipal property, form a real system of business support infrastructure in all regions of the republic, to promote interest among young people for independent business activity.

To solve these problems it is necessary to develop a routine, the "Development of Youth Entrepreneurship" republican target programis the "Development of Entrepreneurship and Tourism of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the period up to 2020", set quotas for young entrepreneurs at a level not less than 30% of the total number of small and medium business recipients of all forms of financial support, to promote the activities of the SBI Yaro "Association of young Entrepreneurs", a support system for small and medium-sized businesses in all regions of the republic, to ensure youth participation in the activities of "Self-employment of unemployed citizens" within the framework of additional measures to reduce tensions on the labor market in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), setting a quota of at least 30% of young people out of a total number of recipients of state support.

In general, the government policies encourage young people to become entrepreneurs will significantly alleviate the problem of creating more jobs for young people and improve the lives of young families. The proposed measures will contribute to a younger generation of entrepreneurs in the country, lay the foundation for sustainable economic development. The growth of entrepreneurial activity and the formation of a competitive generation of young entrepreneurs with possible consolidation efforts of the state, society and business. The effectiveness of the youth businesses will depend on the complex factors, primarily on the interaction with the federal government Republican, and the neighboring regions of Russia involved, the business community and civil society institutions.