Role of vitamins in angiogenesis

The aim of the article is to evaluate effects of essential vitamins on angiogenesis and to determine their potential use as pro or anti-angiogenic agents vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K. Vitamin A: 13-cis-retinoic acid and acyclic retinoid inhibit angiogenesis, while trans-retinoic acid has a pro-angiogenic property. Vitamin B1 is a proangiogenic substance. Vitamin B2 inhibits angiogenesis by reducing tyrosine phosphorylation. Vitamin B3 is a proangiogenic substance. Vitamin B6 suppresses the proliferation of endothelial cells and inhibits DNA polymerase, acting as an anti-angiogenic substance. Vitamin B9 reduces the synthesis of DNA and the proliferation of endothelial cells. Vitamin B12 is a proangiogenic vitamin. Vitamin C exhibits anti-angiogenic properties by inhibiting the formation of NO. Vitamin D acts as an anti-angiogenic substance by inducing the cell cycle and apoptosis of vascular and tumor cells. Vitamin E is an anti-angiogenic substance. It inhibits both proliferation and the formation of tubules from endothelial cells. Vitamin K acts as an anti-angiogenic substance through a K-dependent glycoprotein, inhibiting VEGF-R2-dependent vascularization.