Objects of the golden horde types and their local replicas in the materials from medieval Russian towns

M.V. Gorelik considers some categories of finds from the excavations of Medieval Russian towns related by their origin to the territory of the Golden Horde, or its trade partners. Some objects may be interpreted as local Russian imitations of the Golden Horde imports. The discussed finds are of importance as the indications of many-sided contacts with the empire of Jochi descendants, and serve as reliable chronological markers. In Medieval Rus' objects of the Golden Horde production were popular as the elements of prestigious culture, and as such were used by the social elite, in particular, in North-Western Rus' minimally dependant from the Jochi domain. The objects of the Golden Horde origin were valued so highly that Russian craftsmen produced their local replicas, both made of equally valuable materials, and of cheaper ones.