About Russian Pomor say a word

This article is based on the materials, which were published by me earlier on the website of the journal «Arctic and North", extended and revised 1. The relevance of the publication is not de--‐ creased and even increased. In 2011, in the media was held a discussion on a wide range of the issues related to Pomors problems. Especially, the great part was played by the news agency REG--‐ NUM, published over 10 years (from 2002 to May 2012) 216 News on "Pomors question." In Ar--‐ khangelsk, September 17--‐19, 2011, a cross--‐regional IV Congress Pomors was held. 2011 in the Ar--‐ khangelsk region was marked as the year of Pomors Culture, which actualizes the problem of the cultural and historical identity of coast--‐dwellers. Pomors or Russian coast--‐dwellers --‐ how to identi--‐ fy these common today, depending on their location, not only territorial but also spiritual and cul--‐ tural? There was a letter of Arkhangelsk Group V.K. "Essence of Time" (current coordinator – G.A. Efremov) 2, and many other publications.

The results of census of 2010 were published, according to which the number of coast--‐ dwellers in the Arkhangelsk region decreased three times --‐ up to 2 015. According to the census of 2002, 6 571 people are self--‐identified themselves as pomors, including 6 289 (95.7%) in the Ar--‐ khangelsk region.

In September 15, 2011 at the last round table in the Institute of Management and the re--‐ gional studies NarFU named after M.V.Lomonosv also were identified a great number of urgent issues requiring further research of Pomors issues. Highly relevant in recent years in the West and in Russia was the problem of the crisis of multiculturalism, tolerance and search for ethnic, histori--‐ cal and cultural identity in its politicization and internationalization. We need to understand how relevant issues of identity, tolerance, partnership and solidarity for Arctic Russia. What role Rus--‐ sian (including Pomerania), Nenets, Sami, Komi, Yakuts, Evenki, Chukchi and other indigenous peoples of the North in a big geopolitical fight for Arctic resources? These and other questions are still open, and the need for the public discussion, further research, including materials on the Arc--‐ tic and the North.

In the article of the anthology "Faces of Russia" is said that "Pomors have a glorious history. Many coast--‐dwellers became famous people, such as a scientist Mikhail Lomonosov, sculptor Fyodor Shubin, the priest Ioann Kronstadtskiy, and explorers such as Ermak Timofeyevich Semen Dezhnev, Erofei Khabarov. Alaska's longtime ruler --‐ Alexander Baranov, was also from the native coast--‐dwellers. "What it is: another historical myth or are there any real reason to assign all the famous people to Pomors Russian North Dvina land Pinega, Kargopolye?

Who are these people – Pomors? Are they an indigenous people, distinctive ethos as Ne--‐ nets, Saami, and Evenki? Are they a special cultural and historical group of Russian people --‐ Po--‐ mors, as the Cossacks, and Siberians? Are they the spiritual and cultural unity of coast--‐dwellers as Old Believers, Old Orthodox communities of the Pomors church? Is it a modern collective term for all the inhabitants of the White Sea, historically initially involved maritime and fisheries? Or do the modern pomor, who are Russian citizens, consider themselves mentally during the 2002 Russian census, 2010's to Pomors? This spiritual and cultural identity, of Pomors mentality of any citizen of the global society, the whole world. "The involvement of human ethnicity --‐ a psychological prob--‐ lem," --‐ said Valery Sobolnikov, Professor of UNESCO at NSU and the SB RAS. That is, the definition of the ethnic identity much depends on the identity of the personality, mentality and social--‐ psychological characteristics. What character traits Pomeranian, what qualities are crucial in this case? What is a "Pomors soul"? I have no ready to answer on these questions and more. Publish--‐ ing in this issue of the different points of the view on Pomors questions, together with you, dear readers, let us come closer to the understanding of this problems.

Intensity of emotions around the Pomors issues in the last year went beyond the scientific debate, in acquired political overtones and escalated from an ethical point of view, taking the form is not quite correct when negative criticism of place and out of place are even gone to the other world people who can not answer the allegations against him. Of course, each member of the dis--‐ cussdion has the right to express their opinion, to define its position on controversial issues, re--‐ specting and recognizing the right of the opponent on the other point of view, do not go to the person and not overstepping ethical edge. As you know, the truth is born in the dispute, but only in the borders of decency and respect of other opinions.

Why do the Pomors issues have become so urgent? One major reason for this phenome--‐ non, that its politicization. Pomors become a changing coin in a geopolitical confrantation be--‐ tween Russia and the Western countries, primarily the United States, Norway, in the Arctic area. The struggle for the division of the Arctic in a variety of forms is not yet over. Issues of identity, cultural identity and quality of life of indigenous peoples of the Arctic and the North are filled with socio--‐economic, political are not very expensive tool in the development of internationalization and tich natural resources (oil, gas) and the entire Arctic multilayer space. It is not solely about Pomorie. But alos such roles belongs to the Sami, Nenets and other indigenous people. Russian with intentionally or unintentionally, as it were relegated to the second plan, eroded their cultural--‐ historical community, there Pomors, Siberians, Cossacks. We think, that it is not ethically to talk t about protecting the rights of the Russian nation. Only in recent years the situation has changed. "We must pay attention to our multinational culture, but, no doubt, special attention should be paid to Russian culture. This – is the basis of this --‐ the backbone of the development of our multi--‐ ethnic culture. This is normal, and this should not be ashamed to say "[1, 2011].

Unfortunatelyits a shame to speak in a year of Pomors culture in in the Arkhangelsk region. The regional public opinion formed two basic positions: some believe in Pomors indigenous minor--‐ ities of the North, the other belives in the integral part of the Great Russian people. Two of these positions especially evident during the preparation and conduct of, the Pomors culture. At the meeting of the organizing committee of 14 January 2011 were discussed, for example, about 40 socio--‐economic and cultural activities for the development of the cultural and historical heritage, to support the people leading the traditional crafts on the shore of the White Sea, the promotion of the Pomors culture outside of our region. All of them were carried out by the Government of the Arkhangelsk region in conjunction with the Association of coast--‐dwellers of the Arkhangelsk region, uniting in its composition Pomors nine major groups. However, significant that the draft plan, the Pomors culture was not even a mention of Russian culture, as coast--‐dwellers in general and not the Russian people. The entire Arkhangelsk region was identified exclusively with the in--‐ ternational concept of "Pomorie", not "Russian North".

The Ex governor of the Arkhangelsk region, I.F. Mikhalchuk in his message to the regional meeting of December 21, 2010, declaring the year Pomors culture, explained his position need to use two emblematic brands: "In the coming year (2011) we will be celebrating the 300th anniver--‐ sary of our countryman, the great Russian scientist --‐ Mikhail Lomonosov. Lomonosov ... --‐ is the brand, which whith the help of the preservation and the development of our Northern traditions to do the Pomor land, as the modern, prosperous and comfortable region. I therefore declare the coming year – is the year of the Lomonosov and of the Pomors culture. Under this unifying symbol of the Arkhangelsk region, we will implement the demographic, social, youth policy, to modernize the economy, improve the efficiency of state and municipal authorities 3. "In essence, this docu--‐ ment clearly identified the political interests of the government to use the Pomorsn brand to im--‐ prove the regional governance.

Why did we need of cultural autonomous of Pomors in the Arkhangelsk region and why was it important to give to other associations of Pomors an official status as the indigenous peo--‐ ple? The reason is also quite common in our time --‐ this is a real business project, aimed at getting some dividends. Indigenous status of Pomors, Sami, and Nenets guarantees financial returns from companies with the economic activities in the territory of their residence, which unfolds intensive oil and gas and other natural resources. "In fact, there is a search of the national spirit for redistri--‐ bution outside the extractive oil and gas in the region and diamond resources. This – is the eco--‐ nomic aspect of the etnorenessans of Pomors, which do not cancel the cultural and political di--‐ mension of this renaissance ", --‐ noticed at the IV Congress of Pomors V.D.Trofimov Trofimov, who is the head of the Committee of the Public Chamber of St. Petersburg on interethnic cooperation, experts Centre for Socio--‐Conservative policy of the North--‐West to develop proposals in the field of migration policy [2].

Political interests of the government and the social and economic needs of the Pomors community organizations, so at the regional level in the Pomors matter closed. Both the authori--‐ ties and public associations of Pomors put one common goal --‐ to obtain the status of the coast--‐ dwellers as the indigenous minorities, that is, consciously or unconsciously (on thoughtlessness of those in power) actually split the united Russian people at the regional level in a complex ethnic situation. All objections thus rejected.

However, in contrast to the official position of the regional government and of the Pomors associations in discussions yet formed and strengthened the position of the other, which are an integral part of the coast--‐dwellers of the Russian people. Pomorie, in my opinion --‐ is part of the Russian people, is featured in the historical past of the unique culture, social organization, ac--‐ commodation, traditional management, fisheries and nature use, aware of itself independent of cultural and historical community that has arisen as a result of a long evolution and assimilation processes in the northern areas adjacent to the water space of the Arctic seas, and rivers flowing into them. Cultural--‐historical community Pomors evolved on the White Sea and Barents Sea in the medium severnorusskogo population for centuries. Can be described as their Russian or Russian Pomorie, emphasizing thus the local location, area of the distribution Pomors way of life and op--‐ posed to modern in--‐ternatsionalnyh coast--‐dwellers. Pomors "went by sea", the shipping and other fisheries, usually inhabited the area, adjacent to the water space. Pomorie --‐ it is "he who lives by the sea," that is a resident of the coastal strip. "Pomorie --‐ the descendants of Russian, settled in the region of the White Sea in the Middle Ages," says the article, "Who were pomors?" That's posted on the Pomors Museum in the Norwegian town of Varde 4. Freddie Mac said that the name «Pomors» obtained from «Pomorsky» (literally "sea"), between the White Sea and Lake Onega Kemyu having root "more" meaning "sea", which is based on the Indo--‐European root [3, 2011 ].

In his article, Professor U. P. Shabaev answers to other pressing questions about the begin--‐ ning of etno building in Arkhangelsk, the Norwegian cultural policy, contemporary Pomors identity of ethno building in Arkhangelsk, about creating Ivan Moseeva "language Pomorie", the purposes of the present movement Pomors in Arkhangelsk, the movement of "Pomor renaissance" regional separatism elites and plan for the dismemberment of Russia. It provides an overall assessment of the current movement Pomors in Arkhangelsk and makes recommendations geopolitical adversary [4, 2011].

Criteria of ethnic identity of Pomors in the Arkhangelsk region in the light of the major an--‐ thropological approaches is analyzed in the Article of Master Anna Pyzhova, published in this issue [5, 2012]. Considering Pomor ethnicity on several points, which takes as its basis primordialism, A. Pyzhova5, analyzes 1) anthropological features, noting that the appearance Pomors coincides with the Slavic, and 2) the total area of residence as a rather questionable characteristics for a particu--‐ lar ethnic group, and 3) the traditional crafts and activities, acting as an important criterion for de--‐ termining ethnicity, although direct correlation between occupation and ethnicity is not observed, and 4) self--‐awareness is one of the most controversial criteria, abstract and streamlined in order to take it into account when analyzing the ethnic identity; 5) are the factors of kinship among the decisive and determining if the family had Pomorie. But how far should go kinship, to be called Pomorie? Enough to have parents who called them selves Pomory or only one parent? If ethnicity is given from birth, what are the criteria should be taken into account to determine the ethnic identity of the child in inter--‐ethnic marriages? 6) language. Some scientists believe that the direct correlation between ethnicity and language is not present, while others define the language as one of the main factors in the preservation and maintenance of ethnicity in the group. However, there are instances where members of the ethnic groups do not use the language of this group as a means of communication, and speak in the language of the majority, however, continue to asso--‐ ciate themselves with a particular ethnic group. Pomeranian dialect out of the daily turnover and is now symbolic value, without affecting the Pomeranian ethnicity [5, 2012].

• A. Pyzhova, analyzed all these factors came to the conclusion that many of the cultural and biological features can not act as an absolute factor to determine the ethnic origin. Anthropolo--‐ gists emit continuous interaction and changes in the modern world, emphasizing that the concept of "ethnicity" reflects the dynamics of communication and relationships between groups, and it is situational and mobile.

Undoubtedly, in the twenty--‐first century, the transformation of the cultural and historical identity of the coast--‐dwellers. If previously defined criteria of the settlement sites (White Sea),

Novgorod origin, Pomors were priority marine culture, marine fisheries, and others, today most importantly the mental self, spiritual, cultural and psychological identity of a citizen, no matter where he lived, whatever he was engaged, of whatever ethnic group may belong. The concept of "Pomorie" increasingly characterizes ethnic spiritual and cultural community. "Modern Pomorie" is in Russia, Norway, Poland, and other countries. Anyone in the world in terms of postmodernism as a wide range of different approaches and points of view, the dialogue of cultures and modern zeitgeist can relate themselves to the "on--‐moram" or to another community the mentality, culture and worldview. "Pomorie" --‐ is a modern concept that is based on international community shows a small part of the earthlings. Therefore, there is a problem of distinguishing between the con--‐ cepts "Pomorie" and "Russian coast--‐dwellers." The concept of "Russian coast--‐dwellers' shareware can be used most often in relation to the historical past of Russia. However, in the present condi--‐ tions there is a sense to distinguish between the two concepts in order to understand what kind Pomorie question where they are located geographically, where they live (location, location). The indicator of the localization of the territorial ethnicity is important to the debate about who is to--‐ day the Russian coast--‐dwellers --‐ International community or part of the Russian people.

Also, keep in mind that the concept of "Pomorie" – is the international concept not only in Russia but also in Poland, Bulgaria. Pomorze --‐ is the northern, Baltic part of Poland, which consists of the West and East (Gdansk) Pomerania. In the tenth century Pomerania, inhabited mainly by Sea Coast Dwellers, has entered the Polish state. For a long time Western (German «Pommern» --‐ West Pomerania) and Eastern Pomerania (German «Pommerellen») was under German domina--‐ tion. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 Eastern Pomerania (without Gdansk with the county) re--‐ turned to Poland. The Berlin Conference of 1945 Poland's western frontier established by the Oder and Nysa--‐Lujitskaya 6.

In Bulgaria, Pomorie, like many other cities of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, was founded by descendants of one of the Greek colonies on the Bulgarian coast --‐ Apollonia (today's Sozopol), on the site of the Thracian settlement that existed here three thousand years ago7.

In Norway, the concept is used today «Pomor Zone». This concept is found in of such pro--‐ jects as the Barents 2020 --‐ A tool for a forward--‐looking High North policy (Oslo, 2006), Barents in 2058 --‐ Scenarios for the Pomor Zone (Kirkenes, Barents Spektakel, 2009)8, etc. under «Pomor Zone» understood Norwegian--‐Russian industrial and economic zone Barents 2058 project is aimed at the joint Norwegian--‐Russian border area in the Barents Sea, the combined total of the new in--‐ frastructure and economic agreement sheniyami, cooperation in trade and industry, the protec--‐ tion of seas from illegal fishing, piracy and refugees, aquaculture instead of oil.

The Norwegian city (Vardo), as already mentioned, operates Pomors Museum. And the Norwegians and the Russian looked Varda as "the capital of the Pomors Norway." To facilitate communication with each other during the auction by Norwegian fishermen and Pomerania was created a common language. This trading language called "russenorskom" ("my--‐on--‐yours"). Russenorske just fewer than 400 words, half of which was mentioned in written sources only once. Permanent core of the language consisted of approximately 150 words. About 50% of the words of Norwegian origin, 40% --‐ Russian, the other words --‐ borrowing from other languages, particularly English, Dutch, Low German, Finnish and Sami. The predominance of the vocabulary words of Norwegian origin can be explained by the fact that the language used primarily in Norway 9.

Due to the fact that the concept of "Pomorie" is used in other countries, it makes sense to be clearly identified as used in our concept "Pomorie" as "Russian Pomorie", that is, to distinguish between the concepts depending on the time of the study and the current location of the local. Russian Pomorie understood in historical dynamics, first, in the narrow sense (Pomeranian coast) just as the southern coast of the White Sea from Onega to Kem. Second, the Russian--‐parameter Pomorie --‐ it's the White Sea coast with surrounding coastal area, including Arkhangelsk, Onega, Kandalaksha, Kem, Belozersk, Mezen, etc. Third, the Russian Pomorie in a wide, almost mythical understanding includes the whole of the Russian North Karelia to the Urals. Thus, VA Dobrydnev in his thesis "Pomorie and the colonization of Western Siberia (late XVI --‐ the beginning of XVIII centu--‐ ry)" wrote: "... Pomorye, is stretching from the border with Finland to the Ural Mountains and the coast of the Arctic Ocean to Zamoskovnyh cities (in sources of these lands are called Pomors cities and their populations --‐ Pomortsev) "[6, p. 11]. Fourth, another geopolitical Pomorye, rather virtual than real, in the grid current at the end of XX --‐ beginning of XXI century, the administrative--‐ territorial origin Russia: Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions, Nenets Autonomous District and the Republic of Karelia, and have direct access to the White, Barents and Kara Seas.

Calling the counties of the Northern European Russia Pomorye, A.M. Kondreskul noted in his thesis of organic integrity, manifested in the similarity of natural and geographical location, common cultural, social and political development. This extremely broad interpretation Pomors space it carries over to the present, indicating that the territories occupied by the Republic of Ka--‐ relia and Komi and Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk, Kirov and Perm region part of the Russian

Federation [7, p. 8]. However, neither the Republic of Komi, or Vologda, Kirov and Perm region are not now directly (direct) access to the coast of the northern seas, and therefore can not be includ--‐ ed in the geopolitics of the modern Russian Pomerania, albeit virtual, purely symbolic.

Not by chance, in an open letter to the governor of the Arkhangelsk region I.A. Orlov used the brand "Pomorie" aptly named "virus, injected into the public consciousness." Under the cul--‐ tural and historical tourism and the commercial brand "Pomors", who are the leaders of Pomors NCA deliberately conceal geopolitical adventure --‐ the creation of an autonomous pomors territory to establish the "control of the northern Russian and the Arctic spaces of the European North of Russia" 10.

In connection with the discussion of the issue should continue Pomors understanding the role of the sea in the development of coast--‐dwellers as ethnographic group of the Russian people. Can I refer to the population residing, for example, in Konosha, Kargopol, Nyandoma, Plesetsk and in other places far not only from the White Sea, but in general from large riverine arteries to po--‐ mors? Arkhangelsk region includes modern geopolitical Pomorie? "We are working hard to area residents said I --‐ Pomorie, feel a sense of national pride in his small home," --‐ says Pavel Esipov, chairman of the National Cultural Autonomy Pomors of the Arkhangelsk region 11. The well--‐known local historian Alexander Tungusov in 2003 in his article «are we Pomors? It's no good for the sake of the entire region conjuncture renounce their nationality "refers to pomors only those who Ms response to a beach, in the Onega, Seaside, Mezen and partly in Kholmogorsky areas. He wrote about neudoumeniem duality in the name of the region --‐ official or unofficial, referring to the place and out of place use of the words "Pomorie", "Pomeranian", "Pomors character", "Pomors policy", " Pomors renaissance" and etc. "It appears we are all --‐ in Mora? But after residents Verkh--‐ netoemsky, Vynohradiv, Krasnoborsky, Kotlas, Vilegodsky, Lensky, Belsky, Kargopol, Ustyansky and other areas do not call themselves Pomorie, though perhaps some of them have been to marine fisheries "[8, 2003].

The Northern seas for centuries fed the Russian coast--‐dwellers. Gumilev believed that un--‐ der certain sea conditions play a structuring role in the ethnogenesis. Such was the role of the White Sea. The Key Pomors settlements were along the coast at the mouths of rivers flowing into the White Sea. Mass to fish or marine mammals were made in the four large bays (lips) and many small lips. The White Sea is usually covered by ice at that--‐chenii 6--‐7 months. The best time to swim on the White Sea was the period between the spring and fall. It is no accident, therefore, among the Russian coast--‐dwellers allocated a special relationship to the water, which is watered and fed (the cult of water), the pagan worship of water, springs, a habit not to throw into the sea, river debris (environmental tradition), hospitality and other customs. Cultural and historical features of the nature of coast--‐dwellers were due to local geographical factors, the need to adapt and survive in the Circumpolar, in pa--‐it unusual for the Russian population of the natural area on the coast.

Extremely difficult conditions of life: the harsh climate, the need to adapt to the new sys--‐ tem, the economy and the environment, long--‐term separation of male and female population, caused by fishing season, participation in scientific and commercial expeditions, winter on the Arc--‐ tic islands in the long polar night, followed by a period of intense activity and prolonged downtime waiting for the fishing season --‐ all this leads to strong selection of Pomeranian population. Survive, adapt and left offspring, not all people who came to the shores of the White Sea. As a result of a long evolution and formed type brave industrialist, explorer, pioneer, proud and free--‐spirited Rus--‐ sian White Sea [9, p. 167]. Population of the northern coast of Russia Pomeranian historically had common socio--‐economic characteristics --‐ the notion of his "special", manifested in feelings of su--‐ periority over its neighbors --‐ the agricultural population. Their neighbors--‐farmers Nizovskaya po--‐ mors living at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River, often called the "village", "peasant", "Verkhovsky" not conclude, Chali with them even marital relationship.

Comprehensive analysis of the Russian Pomor culture devoted collective monograph "Cul--‐ ture Russian coast--‐dwellers: the experience of system research" under the general editorship of Dr. of Culturology P. Yu Chernosvitova [10, 2005]. The interaction of past cultural alien Russian and aboriginal population led to the formation of symbiotic Pomors culture. The process of interaction of different cultures living in the same area of the carriers can be considered as a process of inter--‐ action between different adaptive systems, which will result in the formation of some new symbi--‐ otic system, able to conduct adequate for the main parameters for the existing life supporting ul--‐ timately society [10, p. 13]. Results of the study concrete empirical material associated with the construction and operation of the life support system to help find answers to questions about how quickly and to what extent transformed into living conditions in the North, "not cultivated zone", a traditional Russian economic system, and how quickly It included the most important elements of life support indigenous northern cultures. Marine mammal hunting and fishing became the basis Pomeranian method of supply; settlement system was linked to a system of territorial organiza--‐ tion of commercial fisheries through encampments.

• V.V. Anufriev in his book "The Russian Pomors: the cultural and historical identity," empha--‐ sized that the colonization of the vast Eurasian territory became a historic feat of the Russian peo--‐

  ple [11, 2008]. Russian immigrants tend to develop new land without disrupting the process of ethnic development of indigenous peoples, not imposing their language, religion and culture by force.

The harsh northern nature and large spaces formed special features of Pomers nature. Much in common were with the traditions and customs of their neighbors with Finno--‐Ugric peo--‐ ple. Conspiracies, fishing magic, restrictions on hunting and fishing, lullabies, stories about evil spirits in some way have survived to this day. Crucial to conservatism Pomors was resistance at the northern traditions of the peasantry, especially in the Old Believers of the population, has consist--‐ ently fought for the preservation of ancient forms [12, p. 37].

In the country's history from the late XVII century until the present time there is a close re--‐ lationship with the Old Pomors spirituality: Pomors consent, Pomors answers, besopopovskie talks, divisions, communities, ancient Orthodox Church of Pomors (ICP) 12. On Vygozero, near the villages of the Pomors coast, the main center of the Old Believers to function --‐ "Pomors consent" (Vygovskaya abode). Currently, in many countries there are seven spiritual centers of Pomors: 1) WPS Russian Council (since 1989, in the years 1909--‐1930 the Council acted Russian cathedrals and Congresses pomortsev, which receive marriage) unites 75 communities, according to other sources --‐ about 200. Pomors also takes care of not having the spiritual centers of Ukraine (1996 --‐ 18 communities), Moldova, Kazakhstan (1996 --‐ 10 communities), and Kyrgyzstan. 2) The Central Council WPS Latvia (since 1989, in the years 1920--‐1934 worked for the Central Committee of the Latvian Old Believers) brings together 51 of the 67 communities registered in the Ministry of Jus--‐ tice of Latvia. 3) WPS Supreme Council of Lithuania (1922--‐1940 and 1942--‐1943, called the Central Council of the Old Believer Lithuania's from 1943 to 2002 --‐ the Supreme Council of Old Believers) brings together 59 communities. 4) The Supreme Council of the Eastern Old Rite Church, which has no spiritual hierarchy in Poland (before 1993 --‐ the Supreme Council of Old Believers, acted in the years 1925--‐1939, then --‐ in 1983) brings together four communities. 5) The Union of Old Believer communities in Estonia (since 1995, in the years 1929--‐1941 was acting CSC) operating in 11 com--‐ munities, among them two Fedoseevskaya. 6) The Central Council WPS Belarus (since October

1998) brings together 37 communities. 7) Conference of Pomors communities in the USA includes four Pomors communities 13. There is information about groups pomortsev Christians in countries such as Romania, Finland, Sweden, Germany, France, Brazil, Argentina 14. Coordinator of the Movement for the Protection of the Rights of Peoples Zarifullin Paul, speaking at the congress Po--‐ mors September 18, 2011 [13, 2011], suggested that for millions of conservatives around the world Home handbook to this day are "Pomor answers" brothers Denisovs 15.

Thus, for three centuries the spiritual culture of Pomorie --‐ Old Believers, was formed in one of the centers of the Russian North, is an international, inter--‐ethnic dissemination and perception, in its spirit. However, the question remains whether all Believers identify Pomory? The relation between the spiritual and cultural communities of Old Believers, members of the CCP over the world, and of the modern, new ethnic (international) Pomorie, some of which are Protestants, Catholics, Orthodox Christians, atheists? What really unites Pomors not as a socio--‐ethnic commu--‐ nity, but people culturally close in spirit, in the perception of the world? Answers to these ques--‐ tions will help us all understand the difference between "modern Pomorie" (residents of towns and villages, different nationalities, and atheists votserkvlennymi of different status and quality of life) and the Russian coast--‐dwellers living as their ancestors did, mostly on the coast northern seas. In Arkhangelsk modern urban pomors notes, for example, in September Pomeranian New Year --‐ Rosh Hashanah. It is not clear: is it simply postmodernism, another great holiday for all northerners, or the Pomors new brand? Or is t the crisis of the personal religious identity, which leads, in the opinion of G.N. Gorbachuk to the ideology of stagnation, disintegration, lack of life plans and other risks, and in the sphere of culture --‐ to the development of standardization and unification, causing the depersonalization of man [14, with. 3]? Personal religious identity in the context of a particular socio--‐cultural phenomenon, defining key parameters personality Pomor affecting convergence with common cultural and ethnic identity.

Exploring the development of marine and coastal fisheries in the Arkhangelsk region in the nineteenth century --‐ the beginning of the twentieth century, EE Rodionova in her dissertation not--‐ ed that marine and coastal fisheries had a great impact on the lives of the entire population of the Arkhangelsk region, their work, life, forms of production organization [15]. Fishery products were a source of vital resources: given food to humans and animals, can be used as fuel, fertilizer, went to cooking leather products. Fishing in the North is one of the main lessons from which people earn an income. The crafts were for Pomeranian residents not only the only source of livelihood, but also gave a significant portion of the products for export, for export to other provinces of Rus--‐ sia, determined way, way of life.

Russian Pomors in the nineteenth century --‐ the beginning of the twentieth century were able to obtain credit and loans, the Russian government has sought to provide them with financial assistance, stimulated a joint stock association. To activate the population in the development of market--‐Balaunyou wealth and ease their plight, the government granted privilege on duty--‐free construction of fishing vessels peasants coastal counties Arkhangelsk province. According to the archives, which leads Professor LB handsome in his monograph, only for the period of 1867--‐1899 years Pomory was built more than two thousand Pomeranian sailboats --‐ Shnyak (undecked shestiveselnaya single mast boat of pine boards), schooner, Kochmar (three--‐masted Shnyak ), yachts, lodi, ranshiny (large mast Shnyak), three--‐masted ships deck and others [16, p. 6]. In the nineteenth century --‐ the beginning of the twentieth century in the White Sea appear steam ves--‐ sels, deck motor boats, schooners.

In the research of new, rich fisheries, moving to the edge of the sea ice, the Russian coast--‐ dwellers have long mastered the Arctic area, contributed to the discovery of the New Earth, Bear Island and Hope, Grumant (Spitzbergen). They participated in many scientific and commercial ex--‐ peditions in the Arctic. Developing the Arctic coast dwellers make long expeditions and treks, ably guided by the sun and the stars, the constellations were given their names: Big Bear called "Elk", Orion was named as --‐ "rocker" or "rake", the Pleiades --‐ "Duck's Nest." In XV century Russian ex--‐ plorers use a compass. In the long march along coast dwellers to use a map with a compass, calling them "drawings" (they did not degree grid) and manuscript lotsiyami. All the main path of the Rus--‐ sian coast--‐dwellers in the east and along the Svalbard archipelago have been equipped with a large cross, which served as a beacon. These crosses with its crossbar were always oriented on the line North --‐ South.

As for the often--‐used concept of "Pomors culture," that is, of course, culture of the Russian Pomors, the part of Russian culture. This is the Russian North; here "you can feel the Russian air". This really is not ashamed to talk about Professor G.S. Shchurov in the "Essay on the History of Cul--‐ ture of the Russian North (988--‐1917)" included in the area of dissemination of the vast northern region of Vologda to the White Sea, to the north of Karelia, the Urals in the various territorial and chronological framework [17, c. 23]. The use of the concepts "Russian North", "White Sea", "Rus--‐ sian Pomorie" is now often a culturological tradition is symbolic, semiotic, some sacred meaning.

Currently, you must clearly understand that historically made the way of life of the Russian coast--‐dwellers, based on the centuries--‐it is their old experience of their ancestors in the field of wildlife, unique social organization of living and culture is disapearing. Russia needs a balanced strategic policy on the coastal fisheries, to really save lives in gradually fading Pomors coastal vil--‐ lages whose residents traditionally engaged in by sea, river fishing, and identify themselves as modern Russian Pomors.

Therefore, it is high time to take the regional law "About the territories of Traditional Na--‐ ture and the traditional economic activities in the Arkhangelsk region." It is necessary to clarify the status of all the indigenous people of the region. What really gives the status of the indigenous people? When it comes to benefits and privileges associated with fish quotas, hunting, fishing, land ownership, land and sea, then why not extend these rules to all indigenous people for centu--‐ ries lived in the north, and in the number of Russian and Komi, Nenets? Indigenous status in this case can be applied to all old residents living in the north of Russia, except for newly arrived peo--‐ ple in the first generation of migrants, shift workers. Russian today is in fact the indigenous people of the North, and the main title nation in Russia.

The proposed introduction of the legitimate equal civil rights for all ethnic groups in the North of Russia without exception by their numbers, without the emphasis on the ethnicity will remove bureaucratic restrictions on the part of the state machine for the people and greatly re--‐ duce the opportunities for corruption in tenders for the allocation of any quotas and issuing vari--‐ ous permits. In this approach does not diminish the role of indigenous people of the North, on the contrary, increase their real opportunities to exercise statutory rights.

The system of solutions at both the Federation and the regions also require the issue: first, to preserve the culture, language, knowledge and values in effective positive adaptation of indige--‐ nous people (large and small) to the realities of modern life with a positive view of international experience, and secondly, equal rights in all spheres of life and sustainable development for the entire resident population of the indigenous Arctic and the North of Russia, including the old--‐ Russian population.

In conclusion, in this article I have used the concepts: "Pomorie", "Russian coast--‐dwellers", "modern Pomorie", "historic coast--‐dwellers." Each of them has a certain host meaning. New inter--‐ national, spiritual and cultural identity "of the modern coast--‐dwellers' reflects not only desire a very small part of humans --‐ people of all nations to self--‐determination of the mental, but also po--‐ litical and economic interests of a narrow layer of the regional elite and their foreign friends. In contrast to the complex by the evolution in Russia the same cultural and historical similarities, conventionally denoted by me "Russian coast--‐dwellers", the modern concept Pomors meets postmodern spirit of the time in the new historical conditions, carries its meaning, cultural, philo--‐ sophical load. Returning to geopolitics, it should be noted that the opposition of the Russian North and Pomorye objectively beneficial geopolitical our competitors in the Arctic and in the end, is aimed at the destruction of consciousness and identity of the Russian people, the internationaliza--‐ tion of the Arctic area in matters of development of hydrocarbon resources and the use of transport routes. Arctic oil smell, unfortunately, indirectly present in Pomorsa issue.

The question about the cultural and historical identity of coast--‐dwellers, of course, require the further scientific understanding without political bias, in quiet creative atmosphere. Taken on--‐ ly the first steps in this direction, in the discussion of the most pressing issues of civil, religious, his--‐ torical, cultural and ethnic identity of the coast--‐dwellers.

I am glad that pomor theme is attractive in terms of the science for students, masters, young scientists that appear modern business projects aimed at preserving the historical memory of the past of Pomors and improving the lives of the modern Pomorsbpopulation, including by up--‐ dating legislation on the rights of indigenous people (large and small), old residents in the Russian North.