Arctic strategy of the subarctic states: general and especial

The Arctic region of the world over the last decade has been the scene of the political hardball passions: for pre-emptive rights for its development are actively fighting the northern states of Eurasia and America, to the development of the region are trying to connect the Asian countries located further south (China, Korea, Japan). The prize is great: It was found that the volume of oil and gas shelves of the Arctic Ocean superior to all other oceans of the Earth [1]. Presumably, the Arctic is a quarter of the world's hydrocarbon reserves. The Arctic shelf is rich and other mineral resources: coal, gold, copper, nickel, tin, platinum, manganese, etc.

The main component of the fight for the Arctic – are a competition of five countries: Russia, USA, Canada, Norway and Denmark. The last four are members of NATO, which makes the situation particularly acute potential military conflict in the Arctic between NATO and the Russian Federation. Four of the five countries listed above, have developed and adopted at the state level policy documents that express their intent in the development of the Arctic region. In September 2008 there were "Principles of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic up to 2020 and beyond", in the same year - Northern Norway Strategy (the "Strategy of the Government of Norway in the northern regions"), in January 2009 - Arctic doctrine United States in the summer of 2009 -Northern strategy Canada («Statement on Canada's Arctic Foreign Policy»).

Part of these documents in all four countries is the same. Matches concern the following moments:

• a)    the Arctic region is the Arctic countries considered of strategic importance not only for themselves as for a separate state, but for the whole of the North of the planet and even more than that - a strategic region of the world as it is. The Arctic is recognized primarily

as a strategic resource base for each country and for the world as a whole;

• b)    each of the four countries (USA, Canada, Norway, the Russian Federation) said his real future or exceptional leadership in the Arctic and therefore articulates the objective of strengthening its sovereignty over the relevant sector of the Arctic; c) every country "four" is planning to develop the economy and the social sphere, protect the environment, improve the governance structure of the sector in the Arctic, to develop research here. These are all important activities to be carried out in the mode of the circumpolar dialogue; d) the Arctic countries, including this time, and Denmark, an important part of its presence in the region see the presence of the military. And is assumed to be actively created arctic group of forces, land and sea, the new framework for such groups, strengthening border connections, improved infrastructure.

Denmark. Of course, the strategy of the Arctic states includes not only the similarities but also differences. Attention is drawn to the position of Denmark. Allow ourselves to a rather long quotation from an analytical review of the site Pentagonus, as in the text accurately outlined the main characteristics and the reasons for the special position of Denmark: "To date, despite membership in NATO and the European Union, Denmark is the only country whose relationship with the aspirants to the North Pole be called balanced. To date, Denmark has a policy of neutrality in relation to the different positions of neighboring countries in the region, and therefore acts as the most loyal member of the "Arctic dispute." On the one hand, the Danish kingdom is a member of NATO and the European Union, and therefore represents the interests of the European Community on the other - it is trying to maintain an independent foreign policy in the Arctic, hoping to acquire new sources of replenishment of the federal budget. This position, according to Danish experts, is also important for the country to avoid being involved in the main centers of opposition forces in the region - the larger of which will be the main actors in the fight for the Arctic "[2].

Russia. The biggest study of different "Principles of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic up to 2020 and Beyond." The document not only carefully drawn in detail the main activities of the state in various fields of development of the Russian Arctic, but also highlighted the stages of the Russian Arctic policy. In the first phase (2008-2010) must be provided: geological, geophysical, hydrographic, cartographic and other works on the preparation of materials to support the external borders of the Russian Arctic, increasing opportunities for international cooperation, including the effective management of natural resources of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation , implementation of targeted programs financed from the budgets of various levels of the budget system of the Russian Federation and extrabudgetary sources, including the formation of the state program of development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, in which as a base to create a high-energy production, and production and fisheries clusters, special economic zones, implementation of promising investment projects through publicprivate partnerships related to the strategic development of the Russian Arctic. In the second phase (2011-2015) must be provided international legal formalization of the external borders of the Russian Arctic and sales on the basis of competitive advantage of the Russian production and transportation of energy resources, solving problems of economic restructuring in the Russian

Arctic on the basis of the development of mineral resources and water biological resources of the region, the creation and development of infrastructure and communication management of the Northern Sea Route to meet the challenges of the Eurasian transit completion of a single information space of the Russian Arctic. In the third phase (2016-2020 years) should be provided in the transformation of the Russian Arctic leading strategic resource base of Russia. [3] The strategic priorities of the Russian state policy are: 1) the implementation of active cooperation with the Russian Arctic states to maritime delimitation on the basis of international law and mutual agreements with the national interests of the Russian Federation, as well as to address issues of international legal justification outer boundary of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation; 2) Increasing efforts Arctic states in the creation of a single regional system of search and rescue, and prevent man-made disasters and elimination of their consequences, including the coordination of rescue forces, and 3) the strengthening of bilateral basis and within the framework of regional organizations, including the Arctic Council and the Баренце-ва/Евроарктического region, Russia good-neighborly relations among the Arctic by States, to promote economic, scientific-technical and cultural cooperation as well as cross-border cooperation, including in the effective management of natural resources and the conservation of the environment in the Arctic, and 4) assistance in the organization and effective use of transit and cross-polar air routes in the Arctic, as well as in the use of the Northern Sea Route for international shipping under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation, and 5) Increased participation of Russian government agencies and non-governmental organizations in international fora dealing with Arctic issues, including inter-parliamentary cooperation in the framework of the partnership Russia - the European Union, 6) maritime delimitation in the Arctic Ocean and to ensure mutually beneficial Russian presence on Svalbard, and 7) improving the governance of socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, including through the expansion of basic and applied scientific research in the Arctic, 8) improving the quality of life of the indigenous population, and social conditions of economic activity in the Arctic, 9) development of the resource base of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation through the use of new technologies; 10) the modernization and development of Arctic transportation infrastructure system and ryboho-agricultural complex in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federa-tion1.

Norway.

Particularly interesting, in our view, Northern Norway strategy, only one of all the planned development of the Arctic is not only geographically and economically, but also in the ideological space and, therefore, the protection of not only the geographical and economic, but also the ideological borders of Norway. This refers to the following. Because the most important for the presence of Norway in the Arctic in the text of the strategy of North Norway recognized the relationship between Norway and Russia, the Norwegian state establishes scholarship north of regions for Rus- sian students and scholars to carry out their research and teaching in schools in Northern Norway. Promotion of education and research in a particular country is a long-standing geopolitical technology implementation required baseline values in the minds of students and researchers. Of course, there are limits to the adoption of the "other" as a mass and individual consciousness. However, a certain degree of transformation of consciousness fellows in training and implementation of research contributes to assist the implementation of the policy of "the country of study" within the geopolitical spaces of other companies that are "native" for fellowships. The text of the "Strategy of the Government of Norway in the northern regions" contains an interesting phrase: "With the leading position in the knowledge-Norway should show the way forward." The way forward in this case means "central position in all areas of the North." Norwegian paper says "the presence, activity and knowledge," "important keywords for the Norwegian strategy for the North." The document also states: "Knowledge is the core of the strategy for the northern regions: for new levels of knowledge of the people and their experiences, so that we could show the way forward, use the already known and discovering new opportunities, to attract other people who also want to participate in this work, to invest in knowledge and share that knowledge with others. Foreign policy will be one of the components of our active work in the field of knowledge, and we will develop a foreign policy based on that knowledge, thereby increasing its ability to increasingly defend Norwegian interests in the northern regions "[4]. Norway seems to be the only major Arctic countries actively preparing to use in the fight for its interests in the Arctic, the so-called "soft" power (soft power), not removing, however, with the agenda and the development of the forces of "hard» (hard power ). It seems that despite the high degree of maturity Arctic Strategy of Russia, to our state in this case is to adopt the Norwegian experience and include the use of soft power in its Arctic doctrine.

Canada as an Arctic country also aspires to the role of leadership on Arctic The problem at the international level and at home. [5] The Canadian government has developed a strategy for the North, in the Arctic, outlining a number of measures to strengthen its sovereignty, economic and social development of the Arctic region, its management and protection of the environment. "Our strategy is clear North gives the world understand that Canada controls the Arctic land and water and is suitable for this very responsibly," - said the head of the Ministry of Lawrence Cannon in the Canadian Economic Club. [6] "That is why we are so hard to react when other countries such as Russia, arrange teaching or taking other actions that threaten our security in the north and undermine the cooperation that we have and will endeavor to" [7]. In accordance with the Canadian Defence Strategy (CFDS) armed forces must demonstrate a visible presence in the region to be able to control and defend the territory in the Arctic. Permanent military presence in the Arctic, Canada is not. Military there are only during the exercise routine, such as "Nanook" or in the case of a necessity. Canada intends to hold talks with the U.S. and Denmark to resolve border disputes and to discuss with all the member states of the Arctic Council gradual development of the Arctic. By 2013 the UN established Canada completed the study "seabed" and will present its report to the delimitation of the boundary in accordance with the scientific evidence. In the Arctic Ocean, the Canadian program involves cooperation with neighbors in the Arctic, in particular Denmark,

Russia and the United States. "We're focusing on how to ensure that our leadership is emerging in solving disputes, because the development of the plan limits of the continental shelf - one of those processes that are now engaged in each country, which claims to influence in the Arctic. We also work with other coastal states over security in the north. It seems to us, for the moment all the coastal states act in accordance with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and reaffirmed that commitment by signing the Declaration of 2008, which is a rather solid foundation for responsible management of the territories of the Arctic Ocean "- said L. Cannon newspaper "LOOK" in December 2010. [8]

USA. From the point of view of long-term strategic trends one of the most important factors that determine the arrangement and interaction of the various political and economic forces in the XXI century, it is a struggle for resources. "In this regard, perhaps the objective contradictions of geo-economic growth in the Arctic, associated with its resource potential and value of the vehicle, on the one hand, and the lack of a formal, recognized and demarcation of the maritime space and shelf - with another" [9]. The President of the United States January 9, 2009 approved the Arctic regional policy, in which the major national U.S. priority is defined freedom of the high seas. Northwest Passage along the coast and islands of Canada is used for international navigation. North-tion sea route, or the North-East Passage also includes straits used for international navigation, shall be granted where transit navigation. But the U.S. is not the only country interested in the internationalization of the Northern worldly way.

In the twenty-first century, increasing the strategic importance of the Arctic and its resources, which is reflected in the Arctic strategies of other countries.

China. Its Arctic strategy on the use of the Northern Sea Route begins to develop China. Since the Arctic Ocean ice began to melt, opening new sea lanes and access to vast mineral reserves, China eagerly started looking to the Arctic. So far, Beijing held back so as not to scare the polar state. But Chinese officials and scholars require the development of "Arctic strategy" to also get a share of donated climate change opportunities. SIPRI Yearbook of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in Oslo came out with a meaningful article "China prepares for an ice-free Arctic." "China has begun to notice the commercial and strategic potential of ice-free Arctic," - says being in China, Linda Jacobson, a member of the SIPRI [10]. The melting of Arctic ice opens up new trade routes to China. The way from Shanghai to Hamburg along the Russian coast is at 6,400 km shorter than the traditional route. Assistant Foreign Minister Hu Zhengyue calls polar countries to abandon the "interests of coastal states" in favor of "the interests of all mankind." Oceanographer Pheytsin Guo said: "Polar States must understand that Arctic affairs - is not only a regional issue." The official China still silent, knowing that because of its size and the new superpower status can cause stress and fear in the polar regions. China itself is afraid of an alliance of northern countries, but at the same time adheres to such a position so as not to be cut off from access to the Arctic [10].