Asymmetrical Neighborhood of the Empire and a Small Nation in the Far North: The Image of the Russian “Otherness” and Russian-Swedish/Norwegian Relations in the 19th — Early 20th Centuries
Автор: Zaikov K.S., Zaretskaya O.V.
Журнал: Arctic and North @arctic-and-north
Рубрика: Political processes and institutions
Статья в выпуске: 57, 2024 года.
Бесплатный доступ
The work examines the features of relations between the Russian Empire and Sweden and Norway in the context of the asymmetric proximity of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The authors have analyzed and identified specific features characteristic of the asymmetrical neighborhood of the empire and a small nation, as well as factors in the formation of ideas about the “Russian threat” to Sweden and Norway during this period and have traced the stages and dynamics of the transformation of these ideas in the Scandinavian countries. Russian-Norwegian and Russian-Swedish relations go back several centuries of asymmetrical proximity, contacts and conflicts, which, of course, influenced the formation of images of the “eastern neighbor”. The Swedes and Norwegians’ fears and expectations, based on perceptions of themselves, about their collective “Self”, contributed to the formation of images of the Russian “Otherness”, the attitude towards which was ambiguous and primarily depended on internal preconditions. Therefore, a detailed study of the transformation of images of Russia in Norway and Sweden allows us to take a new look at the history of relations between these countries, as well as to identify the domestic and foreign policy interests of Norwegian and Swedish societies associated with certain images of Russia.
Far North, empire, small nation, myth of the “Russian threat”, Russian-Norwegian relations
Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/148330026
IDR: 148330026 | DOI: 10.37482/issn2221-2698.2024.57.201
Список литературы Asymmetrical Neighborhood of the Empire and a Small Nation in the Far North: The Image of the Russian “Otherness” and Russian-Swedish/Norwegian Relations in the 19th — Early 20th Centuries
- Zaykov K.S., Kuprikov N.M., Kuprikov M.Yu. Northern Frontier of Russia and Norway in the 13th 17th Centuries. Bylye gody, 2020, no. 58 (4), pp. 2272 2279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13187/bg.2020.4.2272
- Zaikov K. Between the Empire and the Nation State: The Problem of the Russian Norwegian Frontier and Sami Occupation in the 19th Early 20th Centuries. The Polar Journal, 2019, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 154 174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2019.1618560
- Burke P. History and Social Theory. Cambridge, Polity, 2005, 224 p.
- Nil'sen Y.P. Rapprochement. Russia and Norway in 1814 1917. Moscow, Ves' Mir Publ., 2017, 708 p. (In Russ.)
- Johnsen O.A. Finmarkens politiske historie aktmæssig fremstillet. Kristiania, Dybwad, 1923, 357 p.
- Podvysotskiy A. The Russian Norwegian Borderland. Arkhangelskie Gubernskie Vedomosti, 1877, no. 96, pp. 6 7.
- Golubtsov H. On the History of the Demarcation of Russia with Norway. Arkhangelsk, 1910, 44 p. (In Russ.)
- Niemi E. Etnisitet, nasjonalitet og grenseforhold i det nordligste Skandinavia fram til vår tid In: Gren-ser og grannelag i Nordens historie. Oslo, 2005, s. 387–415.
- Lunde A. Sør Varanger Historie Med bidrag av Povl Simonsen og Ørnulv Vorren. Vadsø, 1979, 887 s.
- Palmstierna C.F. Sverige, Ryssland och England, 1833 1855. Kring Novembertraktatens förutsättningar. Stockholm, 1932, s. 234 235.
- Roginsky V.V. The 1826 Delimitation Convention between Norway and Russia: a Diplomatic Chal-lenge. In: Russia — Norway. Physical and Symbolic Borders. Moscow, 2005, pp. 62–68.
- Andresen A. Sii’daen som forsvant. Østsamene i Pasvik etter den norsk-russiske grensetrekningen i 1826. Kirkenes, 1989, 192 s.
- Lähteenmäki M. The Peoples of Lapland. Boundary Demarcation and Interaction in the North Callote from 1808 to 1889. Helsinki, 2006, 335 p.
- Noymann I. Using the “Other”: Images of the East in the Formation of European Identities. Moscow, Novoe izdatel'stvo Publ., 2004, 335 p. (In Russ.)
- Lindberg F. Den Svenska utrikespolitikens historia III, 4, 1872 1914. Stockholm, 1958, 330 s.
- Åcelius G. The “Russian Menace” to Sweden. The Belief System of a Small Power Security Elite in the Age of Imperialism. Stockholm, 1994, 455 p.
- Niemi E. Vadsøs historie. Bind 1: Fra øyvær til kjøpstad (inntil 1833). Vadso, Vadsø kommune, 1983, 621 s.
- Kristiansen T. “Russians Ruin Us; They Deprive Us of Means of Subsistence...”: Russian Norwegian Relations in the Far North until 1820. In: Russian Collection: Studies on the History of Russia. Volume 8. Moscow, 2010, pp. 26 52. (In Russ.)
- Meynander H. The History of Finland. Moscow, 2008, 237 p. (In Russ.)
- Аndersson I. The History of Sweden. Moscow, Izdatel'stvo inostrannoy literatury Publ., 1959, 408 p. (In Russ.)
- Chernysheva O.V. Swedes about Russians. Based on the Materials of the Beginning of the XX Centu-ry. In: Northern Europe. Issues of History. Iss. 4. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2003, pp. 102 125. (In Russ.)
- Mezin S.A. Stereotypes of Russia in the European Social thought of the XVIII Century. Questions of History, 2002, no. 10, pp. 148 157.
- Pokhlebkin V.V. Foreign Policy of Russia, Russia and the USSR for 1000 Years in Names, Dates, Facts. Issue 1. Departments of Foreign Policy and Their Leaders. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya Publ., 1995, 288 p. (In Russ.)
- Goldin V.I., Zaykov K.S., Tamitskiy A.M. Sami in the History of the Norwegian-Russian Borderland: Factor of Tension or Regional Integration? Bylye gody, 2015, no. 37 (3), pp. 519–535.
- Goldin V.I., Zaykov K.S., Tamitskiy A.M. The Role of the XVIII Century Maps and the Population of the Higher North of Russia and Norway in the Construction of the Borders of the Internal Sovereign-ty. Bylye gody, 2015, no. 38 (4), pp. 849–864.
- Zaykov K.S. Towards the New Border. The Treatise of 1826. In: Rapprochement. Russia and Norway in 1814-1917. Moscow, Ves' Mir Publ., 2017, pp. 44–64. (In Russ.)
- Zaykov K.S., Finnish Factor in the History of the Northern Frontier of the Russian Empire 1809–1855. Bylye gody, 2016, no. 41 (3), pp. 629–641.
- Niemi Е. Pomor: Nord Norge og Nord Russland gjennom tusen ar. Oslo, Gyldendal, 1992, 192 s.
- Davydov R.A. Myth about the Russian Threat to Northern Norway and Its Influence on the Activities of the Russian Empire Authorities in the Euro Arctic Region (Second Half of XIX Beginning of XX Century). In: Empires and Imperialism of New and Modern Times: A Collection of Articles. Saint Pe-tersburg, 2009, pp. 360 365. (In Russ.)
- Laing S. Dagbok frå eit opphald i Norge i åra 1834, 1835 og 1836. Med formål å undersøke den moralske tilstand og samfunnsøkonomiske forhold i landet, og levekåra for innbyggarane. Oslo, 1997, 307 s.
- Zaikov K. The influence of the Russian factor in Norwegian-Finnish relations 1814–1860 In: Norsk-Finskerelasjoner. Rapport fradet 34.nordnorske historieseminar Skibotn 25–27 September 2009. Tromsø, 2010, pp. 34–38.
- Niemi E. Kirka som grensefestning: kirkebyggning, religiøs spenning og grensesikring i Finnmark. 1850–1940 In: Forpost mot øst: fra Vardø og Finmarks historie 1307–2007: rapport fra det XXXII nordnorske historieseminar, Vardø 21–23 september 2007. Stamsund, 2008, pp. 153–158.
- Tolz V. Inventing the Nation. Russia. London, 2001, 307 p.
- Hosking G. Can Russia Become a Nation-State? Nations and Nationalism, 1998, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 449–462.
- G.L. Murmansk Wind in the Open Ocean. Voennyy Sbornik, 1916, no. 4, pp. 30-56.
- Pokhlebkin V.V. Russia's Recognition of the Norwegian Independent State (Collection of Documents). Moscow, Sotsekgiz Publ., 1958, 106 p. (In Russ.)
- Nil'sen Y.P. “Old” Russia and “New” Norway (1905 1917): Neighbourhood without Fear? In: Fear and Expectations: Russia and Norway in the Twentieth Century. Collection of Articles. Arkhangelsk, 1997, pp. 6 28. (In Russ.)
- Komarov A.A. “Old” Russia and “New” Norway: Russian Norwegian Relations (1905 1917): Collec-tion of Documents. Moscow, LENAND Publ., 2014, 400 p. (In Russ.)
- Nil'sen Y.P. Novaya Zemlya “No Man's Land”? In: Peoples and Cultures of the Barents Region. Tromsø, 1996, pp. 4 17. (In Russ.)
