Azerbaijani literature, literary and philosophical view from Eastern experience in the context of Western thought

Arif Alim oglu Asadov1

According to its main characteristic artistic-aesthetic literary practice, Azerbaijani literature is a product of Eastern literary-intellectual thought. “Despite the strengthening of the Persian-language trend in the general Turkic literature since the 10th century, this literature has withstood all kinds of assimilation in spirit, character, artistic-moral, ideological-aesthetic position, and has managed to preserve its existence as an ethno-cultural system. We see such originality and uniqueness in this literature in its full reality even during the Renaissance, regardless of the language in which it was written (Turkish, Persian, Arabic)” (1, 118). Azerbaijani writers and poets, who have been creative with long-term oriental writing and literary creative technologies, began to establish contacts with European literary values in one form or another through Russian culture and language from the 19th century, so that in our country, examples of art that differ from the oriental literary experience were created. After the masters of the word who created in eastern literary genres such as N. Ganjavi, G. Burhaneddin, I. Nasimi, M. Fuzuli, MP Vagif, from the 19th century onwards, western literary genres began to appear in the work of A. Bakikhanov, M. Sh. Vazeh, I. Gutgashinli, MF Akhundzade, N. Vezirov and dozens of other writers and poets, which were already new trends in our literature. These new trends determined the further development prospects of our literature.

The 19th century was a special stage in the national and cultural life of Azerbaijan, in the standard of living of the people. The occupation of the north of Azerbaijan by Tsarist Russia revealed a new artistic and aesthetic way of thinking in this area, different from the previous stage, from the eastern literary practice. In Azerbaijani literature, a movement began, which saw the basis of development and progress in education, literacy, and the acquisition of modern (for that time) scientific and cultural knowledge, and worked for this, which was called enlightenment due to all these basic qualities . Enlightenment was soon put into practice, and in the 19th century, under the influence of enlightenment, literary genres such as a new type of story (A. Bakikhanov "The Book of Askariyya", I. Gutgashinli "Rashid Bey and Saadat Khanum"), a new type of artistic prose-story (M. F. Akhundzade "The Deceived Kevakib"), comedy (M. F. Akhundzade "The Story of Molla Ibrahimkhalil the Chemist"), drama (M. F. Akhundzade "The Story of the Bear Robber"), tragedy (N. Vazirov "The Troubles - Fakhraddin"), novel (N. Narimanov "Bahdır ve Sona"), drama written in verse (J. Mammadguluzade "The Tea Stand"), etc. were created in our literature.

In these genres and their presented literary texts, the social view of man and his life became much more concrete. Azerbaijani literature began to describe the real face and realities of life from abstract imagery. Azerbaijani literature, while preserving its eastern literary and artistic thought, began to acquire western literary genres and thinking in parallel.

Azerbaijani literature entered the 20th century with excellent progress in the life of theater and press. Azerbaijani artistic creativity has already begun the new century with a new and excellent, vibrant literary life. The works of A. Huseynzadeh, A. Aghaoglu, J. Mammadguluzadeh, YV Chamanzaminli, A. Hagverdiyev, M. A. Rasulzadeh, H. Javid, J. Jabbarli at the beginning of the 20th century proved that Azerbaijani literature had high achievements in writing with Western technologies, and revived the true face of Azerbaijani literature.

From the beginning of the 20th century, the Az- Arbaijan literature, which developed with the creativity of the writers, poets and dramatists whose names we mentioned above, reached the stage of development in the first decade of the century . "Danabash Village's Tales", "Danabash Village's Schools", " Bachtsiz Javan", "Disintegrating Alliance", "The Affliction of Fakhreddin", etc., belonging to the end of the 18th century. After the great literary creations, in the beginning of the 20th century, the story "Hortda's Life Letters", "Postbox", "Master Zeinal", "Freedom in Iran", "Gurbani Bey", "Guzu", "Consul's Wife", "Nearly", "Bomb", "Papag", "Sheikh Shaban", "Shyamshyari Passport", "Mirzya Syafyar", "Odabashinin Shkekayasi", "Ah Saggal", "Shayat Syachifalemi", "Ianniatin Gyabezi", "Shashgulu's Good Work ",

"Divanya", "Mansur and Sitarya" etc. Stories such as "The Fairy Witch", "Agha Muhammad Shah Qajar", "Mother", "Deer", "Sheikh Senan", "Pale Flowers" appeared and revealed the literary landscape of the early 20th century .

the 20th century - in 1920 - created fundamental changes in public life. The Soviet-Bolshevik ideology, which had a different view of the literature of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, which lasted for twenty-three months, tried to bring new directions to Azerbaijani literature. The occupation of Azerbaijan gave impetus to the creation of literary samples in accordance with the requirements of Bolshevik policy and ideology in the following years. In the 1920s, communist ideology and Bolshevik thought were gradually introduced, and in the 1930s, in a special way, they were opposed to national literary thought.

Y. Mammyadguluzadya, Sh. Yavid, N. Vyazirov, S.S. Akhundov, Y.V. Chaminzaminli, S. Shhsein and other representatives of literature who started artistic creativity in the past historical and cultural stage resisted the Bolshevik ideology in one form or another.

Towards the end of the 20s, the Soviet leadership started a direct attack against the literary literature that was outside of the communist idea and did not support that position. The control of the Yadyabiyyat eksaniyanya stanrakati apparatus began to strengthen, and the creation of various creative organizations was the result of this administrative amiranic system. "So, the famous "On the policy of the party in the field of literary literature" in 1925, "On the re-establishment of literary and literary organizations" in 1932, the party resolutions and decisions, as well as the unification of writers in various societies and unions based on ideology ("Eyan gizyl glyamlar" in 1925, "Gizyl gylamilar" from 1926) , 1927-"Azerbaijan Proletarian Workers ' Society " , 1934-Azerbaijan Union of Soviet Workers and , finally, the Workers' Union of the USSR ) made the flight of free inspiration and creative energy a barrier against the free movement of art" (2, 144).

The demands placed on the fighters are very limited creative possibilities gave In 1928, the "Gyzyl Glyamlar" society held a congress of Azerbaijani writers in Baku, and the Society of Proletarian Writers of Azerbaijan was established. Even though writers of all generations were united in the structure of this society, the older generation writers were not satisfied with these principles because specific topics were put in front of them, and the artists loyal to the national ideology refused to write under the dictates of the communist party, either openly or implicitly.

"Since the 20th years, the movement of "proletarian" literature and "proletarian culture" on a wider scale has been popularized in the north of Azerbaijan. It is true that this movement was organized from "above", but it must be admitted that the masses did not seriously resist this organization. In the 1930s, the ideological foundations of "proletarian literature" were already prepared, writers who did not accept it were destroyed, literary work became "a part of the republican proletarian work". For this reason, literature in the North created the image of the "Azerbaijani people who built communism"..." (3, 56).

In prose writings written in the 20s and 30s, the "new life", the grandeur of the socialist revolution , and the disclosure of "social disorder" are the main topics. At the same time, the recent and distant historical past of Azerbaijan is appealed to, and historical novels are also written. "In the 1930s and 1950s , so many "novels" were written that the modern generation does not remember today, and the names of the authors of those novels are famous - they are names that will always remain in the history of modern Azerbaijani literature: Mammad Syed Ordubadi, Suleiman Rakhimov, Mehdi Hossein, Yali Valiyev, Yabslhosyan, Сцлейман Валийев, Manaf Сцлейманов..." (3, 87).

"The world is breaking", "Smoky Tyabriz", "Eizli Baku", "Dyuitskhyan city", "Gilyn vya glyam", "Sachly", "Shamo", "Abulag mountains", "Kin", "Dashkin " , " Absheron", "Commissar", "Syashyar", "Buytsk dayag" , "Day of the Day", "Parvana " , " Manifesto of a Revolution" and others. examples of novels and stories revive the prose landscape of the 1930s and 1950s. "Despite all the theoretical and ideological preparation, socialist realism enters the Azerbaijani prose of 1920-1930s as "empirical realism" ("Dnya Gopur", "Dashgin", "Burulyan", "Yohushlar", "German City", "Smoggy Tyasr"; similarly in Russian: "Damir Akh", "Tarmar", "Polad neya birkidi", "Yazably ollarla", "Sakit Don", etc.) - the meaning, meaning, rhythm of the social revolution in the national spirit" ( 2, 148).

From the end of the 1950s, new breath, new atmosphere, new creative technologies began to appear in our literature.

The corresponding literary and cultural stage of the 20th century reflected the national and literary achievements of the past and determined the perspectives of the subsequent literary and cultural development, in this regard, that cultural direction played the role of a perfect cultural bridge between generations and aesthetic ideas, literary and cultural camps.

The literary thinker who appeared in the sixties showed himself as an irresistible force in the Azerbaijani literature with a very original, unique style , and a perfect literary experience . This is a new idea It was previously selected .

"Socialist realism is not a myth, but it decided on the myths of the 20th century. For example, in the early 1930s, when this literature was formed, such a feeling was very strong among the liberal society of the world: - the world revolution, in which the proletariat stands at the head, is already underway, and the day when it will be realized in various forms (the Soviet government implemented in the form of a proletarian dictatorship in the USSR is taken as an example) is not far off; "Proletarian edabiyyat" is coming to the race as an expression of the yakshin-ruushchiyyan, socialist realism is the method of new world edabiyyat, real perspective" (2, 154-155).

When talking about the new Azerbaijan prose thinker, first of all, the qualitative changes that take place in the internal structure, theme, material of prose, human characters, ideas and the position of the writer expressed here, genre and development, theme and content are considered .

"In the literature of the 1960s, the social problems of the society were highlighted. It is known that no one lives happily in collective farms and state farms. Problems between individuals and society, between society and individuals begin to manifest themselves. In the youth, instead of happy individuals, we are faced with pictures that take care of their problems in their inner world, consider their material and spiritual values, and the spiritual world is not closed to the readers. In short, these rioters are already "Soviet people" glyibinya symyrdyldy" ( 4, 81).

The examples of creativity of the new Azerbaijani prose did not have the characteristics and template positive hero images that everyone had been used to until that time. In these ages, for the first time, there were characters - characters who are constantly fighting with society, the global world, and simultaneously with the spiritual world .

the representatives of the new Azerbaijani literature , despite all the socio-social upheavals and confusions, directed their creative theories to the interesting and topical issues that are new in the Azerbaijani literature - the character of the person, the secrets that are hidden inside him and the world, which is connected with the original meaning of its creation . The main eternal object of Azerbaijani literature in the second half of the 20th century was the human being, his inner worlds, his spiritual world.

"After the death of Stalin, the ideological processes in the Soviet society were strongly reflected in the literature. The search for the ideal led to a free standard. On the one hand, this was done under the face of the theory of socialism, on the ground of dreams and illusions related to the communist society, on the other hand, the writers took refuge in the life of the people, kept the customs and values of the people that have not lost their purity over the centuries, and tried to reconcile this with the principles of socialism and humanism" ( 2 , 223).

New Nasr had a writing technology that was selected and distinguished from the previous literary-cultural stage with many of its main qualities. The works of art created with the principles of socialist realism are united by many schematic elements. It can be said that the story line , character type, and style of writing of the youths created in that period are similar. "In the 1930s, the main attention was directed to multifaceted events and problems related to these events, which allowed for a wide description. More precisely, the person and his fate went through sharp class clashes, social conflict and contradictions, his inner world, the complexity of his personality remained in the relative silence " ( 5 , 18).

Western aesthetic thinking was quite prominent in Azerbaijani literature created after the 1950s. The following factors had the greatest influence on this literature:

"Lost Generation" literature published in the United States as a result of World War II

• 2.    Modern Russian literature in the 19th and 20th centuries

• 3.    Freudianism, the theory of the flow of energy

• 4.    European modernism schools and existentialism

• 5.    Early Azerbaijani literature

As a result of the influence of these factors in one form or another, Azerbaijani literature showed that it perfectly assimilated Western creative technologies and perfectly appropriated those creative qualities.

In connection with these, new artistic-aesthetic qualities appeared in the literary works of that stage . The new literature reflected the inner world of man, his thoughts, flashes of happiness, his individual way of life, human psychologies that are constantly in conflict with the outside world.

An individual's inner world, intimate relationships, and character traits were the main object for these literary works . It is for these reasons that the prose created in that period is also called "the prose of mental and ethical research". "The desire to live to judge and punish" - in a situation where the appeal to the topic of spiritual and moral research, the artistic solution of this topic from various aspects is strengthened, and the debates and discussions about the problem of spirituality are increasing - in our days, this desire, which requires courage and patience to tell the truth, is also born from love for people, and at the same time, faith in people. вя сабаща цмид доюрурду ( 6 , 79 ).

created typological similarities between Azerbaijani literature and Western literature . Taking into account that new ideas and ways of thinking in humanistic thought and aesthetic thought never appear suddenly and without reason, the idea that these tendencies in our new adversary are fed from some source is correct.