Biological paradigms of mental disorders. Tomsk studies: history, reality and future directions

In the paper materials of studies of Tomsk scientists in the field of biological (including genetic) bases of mental health and mental disorders are presented. Historical aspects are shown by way of example of scientific-practical heritage of psychiatrist Dr Alexander Zipes who was working at the Psychiatry Department of Tomsk State University (now Psychiatry Department of SSMU) and in various psychiatric medical settings of Tomsk in 1920-1930th. Data of the newest studies of comorbidity of mental multifactor disorders and hereditary monogenic diseases, epigenetic mechanisms of interrelationships of mental health and functioning of digestive system of the organism on the bases of the author's “Probiotic Model of Adaptation” is introduced. Within biological paradigm, a model of multifactor disorders is proposed.