Biomorphological characteristics, phytochemical composition and medical significance of species belonging to the Geranium Tourn. ex L. Genus

Автор: Alibeili Khayala, Sadygov Tofig, Gafarova Mehriban, Abbasov Javid

Журнал: Бюллетень науки и практики @bulletennauki

Статья в выпуске: 10 т.8, 2022 года.

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Geranium Tourn. ex L. is a flowering plant Genus belonging to the Geraniaceae Family. It is mainly grown as an ornamental plant in Azerbaijan. It was brought to Europe in the 17th century. Its propagation zone is South Africa. It is cultivated in many countries because it is a very valuable essential oil plant. Geranium is also successfully cultivated in Azerbaijan. Geranium essential oil is used in the perfume industry to make perfumes, soaps and face lotions. It is also used in the food industry to flavor beverages, as well as confectionery. It is also used in the preparation of medicines. Not only the leaves of the geranium plant, but also its roots, flowers and leaves are considered very good. The root of the plant contains phenols, various phenolic compounds in the upper green part, sucrose, starch and hemicellulose. The leaves and flowers are rich in phenolic carboxylic acids, vitamins, flavonoids, pigments, essential oils and carbohydrates.

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Geranium, ornamental plants, analysis, flowers, flavonoids

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/14125963

IDR: 14125963 | DOI: 10.33619/2414-2948/83/04

Текст научной статьи Biomorphological characteristics, phytochemical composition and medical significance of species belonging to the Geranium Tourn. ex L. Genus

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice

UDC 582.998.3:577.19

The main purpose of the article is to study the morphological features, essential oil, phytochemical composition and medical significance of some species belonging to the genus Geranium , introduced in Absheron and cultivated in cultural conditions.

The plant species of the genus Geranium consists of 422 species, including monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous and perennial species. They are mainly distributed in temperate zones, mountainous parts of tropical zones and in the east of the Mediterranean region. There are 23 species in Azerbaijan, and they are mainly cultivated as ornamental plants. It was brought to Europe in the 17th century. Its propagation zone is South Africa. The leaves of geraniums are round, narrow, with an arrow-shaped tip, plamatus (the leaves of the plant protrude from one point) — palm-shaped, the cuts can extend to the middle vein of the leaf. The leaves are divided into narrow, pointed segments in the form of palms.

The flowers are bisexual. It has 5 calyx leaves, 5 petals. The flowers are white, pink, purple or blue, and often have different veins on them. Most of the fruit has a box shape that is broken down into seeds. When the seed matures, it is divided into 5 seeds. The leaves are simple, finger-shaped, covered with hairs that secrete a little - very fragrant oil. Geranium species can grow in any soil, but the soil should not be swampy, because in this case the roots of the plant cannot receive enough oxygen. Propagation is carried out in the summer by dividing the half-ripe cuttings, seeds in the fall, and in the spring by dividing.

Figure 1. Geranium species

Figure 2. Leaves and flowers of Geranium species

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 8. №10. 2022

The fruit capsule consists of five cells attached to a column formed from the center. The cells form lobes of tissue in each, and these lobes gradually separate. When the fruit ripens, the beak-like stigma springs open and the seeds are scattered around.

All of the above species are perennials and generally winter-hardy and are usually grown for their attractive flowers and leaves. They are long-lived and most have palmate-shaped leaves. They grow both vertically and horizontally. Some species grow and spread vertically (rhizomes). They are usually grown from partial shade to full sun, in well-drained but moisture-retaining soils rich in humus from plant and animal remains. Other perennials grown for flowers and leaves include G. argenteum, G. eriostemon, G. farreri, G. nodosum, G. procurrens, G. renardii, G. traversii, G. tuberosum, G. versicolor, G. wallichianum and G. wlassovianum . Some of them are not winterhardy in cold areas and are grown in special gardens such as rock gardens. The land area in the rock gardens is distinguished by the abundance of gravel, stones and rocks.

Materials and Methods

Geranium species were taken as the object of research, from which pens were made for planting. Before planting in special greenhouses in the greenhouse of the Institute of Dendrology and in the open field, sand, soil and peat were mixed in a ratio of 1: 1: 1 and planted in special greenhouses in January-February and in the experimental field in March-April. All kinds of agro-technical care rules were shown to the plants and plant samples were collected for research. The formation of the roots of the pens was compared with the greenhouse in the open field. The collected plant samples were dried using standard methods and prepared for laboratory research. The results of the analysis are given in Table 1. Various methods were used in conducting research.

Geranium is eaten by larvae of some Lepidoptera species. Geranium is cultivated in Azerbaijan mainly as an ornamental plant. Only one type of it is used in medicine — Geranium collinum . Geranium is a perennial herb with dense hairs and fleshy roots. In the lower part of the stem, there are fruits with 5 to 7 sections, deep finger-shaped leaves, pink-red flowers, and 5-seeded fruit. The plant blooms in June-July, the fruits ripen in August [4].

It grows in the middle and upper mountainous parts of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus in Azerbaijan - in meadows, gardens and forest edges.

The hill-like geranium growing in Azerbaijan has not been studied scientifically yet. However, the hill-like geranium, which is widespread in Uzbekistan, was chemically analyzed at the Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute and found to contain vaccines in all its parts. In addition, the leaves contain ellagic, gallic and 3-methoxygall acids, as well as flavonoids: quercetin, kaempferol, 3, 7, 8, 4-tetrahydroxyflavone, rutin, isoquercitrin and anthocyanins. Pelargonium chloride was found in the flowers.

Due to its analgesic and sedative properties, geranium oil is also used in neurology in radicular syndrome, rheumatism, arthritis.

It is prescribed for external and internal bleeding (especially gastric bleeding). The liquid extract has a stimulating effect on the nervous system. Ibn Sina reported on the antitoxic properties of this plant against snake venom.

Results and Discussion

The roots of geranium species contain vaccines. The roots of G. dissectum are used as a vegetable. The roots and leaves of G. ibericum are black, and the flowers of G. sylvaticum are blue. The leaves of G. dissectum contain from 251.1 mg% to 457.7 mg%, and G. tuberosum contains 288.4 mg% of vitamin C. Geranium species are widespread in the foothills to the alpine grasslands. Also, one of the important conditions for studying the bioecological characteristics of ornamental and

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 8. №10. 2022 economically important plants and determining their application to the economy is to determine the methods of their reproduction [5].

Due to the release of essential oil, keeping it in a room creates a pleasant aura [3]. It regulates the air in the room, produces oxygen and essential oil. The oil extracted from its flowers has a whitening and toning effect. It has a very good effect on all skin types, it improves blood circulation in the skin and gives it a healthy color. It has the ability to clean the air of the environment from germs. Geranium is an essential oil plant. Essential oil is obtained by steam distillation of the flower and green parts of the plant.

It is used in folk medicine for diarrhea, dysentery, kidney, rheumatism, gout. The plant is placed on the stumps and used to treat them. In folk medicine, tea is brewed from the dried surface of the hill-like geranium, and it is used as an astringent and antiseptic in diarrhea and dysentery in gastrointestinal diseases. In addition, it is taken to prevent bloody sputum from the chest in lung disease. Geranium, native to South Africa, was brought to Europe as an ornamental plant. The leaves contain large amounts of essential oils. The flower, leaves and root are very good. As you rub the leaves of the geranium, you get a strange and pleasant aroma, reminiscent of the combined aroma of lemon, apple and mint. Essential oils derived from it are widely used in aromatherapy. It should also be noted that the house with geraniums does not contain moths, ticks, lice, fleas and other insects. Geranium is very useful in otitis media, laryngitis, stimulation of blood circulation, regulation of heart rhythm and heart muscle function, headaches [1]. It is possible to normalize blood pressure by placing geranium leaves on the heart [2]. An ointment made from the leaves is an excellent remedy for colds, coughs, angina and colds.

As a result of our scientific research, 2.5 mg of geranium oil was extracted from the 500 g of wet leaves grown in greenhouse at lab conditions. The composition of the obtained oils was checked on a chromatograph and given in the Table. As a result of the research, we come to the conclusion that we offer the obtained essential oils for use in the production of perfumes, creams, and various medicinal soaps.

Table THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OBTAINED FROM THE LEAVES OF THE Geranium SPECIES IN CRYSTALL-2000M GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Component	Percentage	Component	Percentage
Alpha-Pinene	1.144	Estragole	2.833
Beta-Pinen e	0.044	Myrtenol	0.769
Carene-3	0.303	Nerol	0.206
Alfa-Terpinen	0.439	Geraniol	40.769
1,8-Cineol (Eucalyptol)	4.557	Myrtenyl Acetate	0.502
gamma – Terpinen e	0.237	Citronellyl butyrate	0.970
Tetrahydro-2-H-Pyran	0.019	Geranyl Oleate	0.609
Terpinolen e	0.303	neryl acetate	0.306
Cyclohexanone-5-m-2(1-m e), -cis	6.174	Citronellyl tiglate	0.212
Linalool	8.154	Geranil acetate	0.047
Caryophyllene	2.995	Geranyl tiglate	0.722
Terpinen-4-ol	7.684	Cedrol	0.093
Citronellol	3.181	2-phenylethyl tiglate	0.735

Т. 8. №10. 2022

Отчет хроматограммы

Паспорт хроматограммы

Проект:	полатв	Колонка:
Название метода:	Efir	Проба:	Etjrshah_Yeni_1
Дата и время:	20 08 2021 10 07 38	Метод расчета:	Абсолютная градуировка
Амали хХромвтограмма:	502	Объем, мкл:	1
Оператор:		Разведение:	1
		Источник:

Расчет по компонентам

Время, мин	Компонент	Группа	Площадь	Высота	Площадь. %	Концентрация	Ед. концентрации	Детектор
8 593 alia Р.пеп			1512 007 491 142		1 144			ПИД-1
9 077			294 15 0 96 046		0 222			ПИД-1
9.347	beta-PInen		58 040 21.266		0.044			пиД-1
9.430			282 974 59 811		0.214			ПИД-1
9 712	Cwene-3		<00 151 113 361		0 303			ПИД-1
9 919			56 5 10 3 189 099		0 427			ПИД-1
10.064			101 753 35.221		0 077			ПИД-1
10 270	аМа-Тегрюел		580 253 181 720		0 439			ПИД-1
10.435	1.B-Clneol (Evkaliptol)		6024 842 1040 356		4.557			ПИД-1
10.576			210 549 71 933		0.159			ПИД-1
10 755			155 272 51 385		0 11В			ПИД-1
11 061	qamma-Terpinen		312 941\| 105 426		0 237			ПИД-1
11.209			151 433 50 230		0.115			ПИД-1
11 442			33 977 12 241		0 02€			ПИД-1
11 769			16 998 7 181		0 013			ПИД-1
11.56€	T etrahydro-2-H-Pyran		24 604 10.070		0.019			ПИД-1
12.012			925 585 302 478		0 700			ПИД-1
12 232			311581 91042		0 236			ПИД-1
12 913			26 050 10 515		0 020			ПИД-1
13.096	Tefplnoten		400 695 125.531		0 303			ПИД-1
13 361			84 571 19 565		0 064			ПИД 1
13 455			77 854 27.34 9		0 069			ПИД-1
13.626			373 767 118 909		0.283			пид-1
14 016	Cyclohexanone 5m 2 (1m a),-cis		8162 932 2181 843		€.174			ПИД-1
14 165	linaool		10781 05 7 3133 941		8 154			ПИД-1
14 286			416 912 135 746		0 315			ПИД-1
14.445	Cariophyttene		3959 363 1115 481		2.995			ПИД-1
14 000			62 078 20 523		0 047			ПИД-1
14 811			132 902 29 094		0 101			ПИД-1
14.967			171 09 9 46.224		0.129			ПИД-1
15 045			137 997 40 249		0 104			ПИД-1
15140			390 109 159 086		0 295			ПИД-1
15 234	7 erplnen-4-ct		10158 440 2753 696		7.084			ПИД-1
15.321	Citronellol		4206 040 1220.959		3.181			ПИД-1
15 405			240 767 84 373		0 182			ПИД-1
15.561			160 301 49 019		0.121			ПИД-1
15.636			440 308 152.132		0 333			ПИД-1
15 739			104 525 30 308		0 079			ПИД-1
15 943			12В 767 33 771		0.097			ПИД-1
16.011			268 090 78.411		0.203			ПИД-1
16.197	Estragole		3745 818 009 796		2 033			ПИД-1
16 394	mirtenol		1016 132 185 632		0 769			ПИД-1
16.507	NMOt		272 943 70.156		0 206			ПИД-1
16 833			1275 497 242 498		0 865			ПИД-1
16.061	geraniol		53900 832 9681 062		40 769			ПИД-1
17.101	Mirtenilacetate		564 200 117.347		0 502			ПИД-1
17 252	Cilronelly butyrate		1281 86 8 385 539		0 970			пид-1
17 345			95 141 31 730		0 072			ПИД-1
17.453			590 099 191 398		0 446			ПИД-1
17.742			11052 975 3036 532		а 360			ПИД-1
17 913			75 325 19 713		0 057			пид-1___ пид-1
17.996			118 149 22 660		0 089			пид-1___ пид-1
18 273	Geranyl Oleate		004 707 254 089		0 ВО9			ПИД-1
10.812			77 090	27.065	0 058			ПИД-1
19 173			37 864	11 576	0 029			ПИД-1
19339			169 667	М 576	0 128			пид-1
19 825	ncnlacetai		405 081	127 993	0 308			ПИД-1
19.731			32 884	9 956	0 025			ПИД-1
19 941	cilronelly! Ilglale		280 389	5€ 274	0212			пид-1
20.055			47 652	14 073	0 036			ПИД-1
20.293	geranilacetat		61 572	16 739	0.047			пид-1
20419			65 756	22 899	0 042		ПИД-1
20544			293 638	77 149	0 222			ПИД-1
20.829			128 869	ЗВ 01В	0098			ПИД-1
20 772	Gef amyl Delate		954 191	2 76 478	0 722		I ПИД-1
21 063			28 434	10 529	0 022			пид-1
21.231			160 253	50 320	0 136			ПИД-1
21.531	Cedtol		122 838	34 815	0 093			ПИД-1
21.718			107 282	29 365	0 081		ПИД-1
21.917			129409	37 909	0 09В			ПИД-1
22 030	2-phorylethyl l*glale		971 462	247.209	0 738			ПИД-1
22 477			248 708	85 939	0 187			ПИД-1
23839			44 310	14 276	0 034			ПИД-1
24 074			93 798	22 041	0 071			ПИД-1

Figure 2. The results of the analysis of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of the Geranium species in Crystall-2000 M gas-liquid chromatography

Хроматограммы

Figure 2. The results of the analysis of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of the Geranium species in Crystall-2000M gas-liquid chromatography

Conclusion

As a result of the conducted scientific research, it was found that Geranium species adapts well to local conditions. Geranium is a very productive essential oil plant. The oil was extracted from the leaves and analyzed in Crystall-2000M gas chromatography. Based on the results of the analysis, alpha-Pinene containing essential oil — 1.144%, beta-Pinene — 0.044%, Carene — 3-0.303%, alphaTerpinene — 0.4391%, 8-Cineol (Eucalyptol) — 4.557%, gamma-Terpinene — 0.237%, Tetrahydro-2-H-Pyran — 0.019%, Terpinolene — 0.303%, Cyclohexanone-5-m-2(1-m e), -cis — 6.174%, linaool — 8.154%, Cariophyliene — 2.995 %, Terpinen-4-ol — 7.684%, Citronellol — 3.181%, Estragole — 2.833%, Myrtenol — 0.769%, Nerol — 0.206%, Geraniol — 40.769%, Myrtenilacetate — 0.502%, Citronelly butyrate — 0.970%, Geranyl Oleate — 0.609%, Nerylacetate — 0.306%, citronellyt tiglate — 0.212%, geranilacetate — 0.047%, Geranyl tigrate — 0.722%, Cedrol — 0.093%, 2-phenylethyl tiglate — 0.735% substances were detected. Regarding the use, it should be noted that geranium essential oil is used in the perfumery industry as the main ingredient of perfumes, soaps and face ointments. In the food industry, it is used for flavoring alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, as well as confectionery products. Geranium oil is also used in the preparation of a number of medicines.

Список литературы Biomorphological characteristics, phytochemical composition and medical significance of species belonging to the Geranium Tourn. ex L. Genus

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Дамиров И. А., Исламова Н. А., Каримов Ч. Б., Махмудов Р. М. Лекарственные растения Азербайджана. Баку, 1988.
Гасымов М. А. Морфология и систематика высших растений. Баку, 1959.
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