Bjarmland – Russia Belomorsky

About thirty years ago I thought that the historical development is advancing in the direction of progress, and if they happen turns, then together they form a spiral, aiming towards progress. Today, I think otherwise. Historical development can go around and end up chaos to which the nation-state, civilization, people. In the evolution of people is the beginning, the rise and fall until the complete disappearance of the ethnic group. The brilliant historian of the twentieth century, Lev Gumilev showed it on numerous examples from world history. [1] On Earth, there was not, and never will be so-called "non-historical" nations is "dying" ethnic groups, has long passed the phase of its high of drive, there are starting their historical path, and there are those who are at the height of its development. Of course, the collapse of "decrepit" ethnic group - this is not the end of world history. Arise, and new ethnic groups who contract the baton of development from dying people, create their own states and empires, but they will disappear in time, wasted all his passionarnost, they will be replaced by others. That's just between the old dead and emerging ethnic group 200-300 years old, filled with chaos and "savagery." That was the grim early middle Ages, the Division of the Roman Empire Empire francs.

On Earth, there are no «non-historical» places - regions that have ever been in the past would not have played an important role in the global development of cultural science, where from time to time there would be no passionary ethnic groups. Besides civilizations in the Nile Valley, between the Tigris and Euphrates, the Yangtze and the Yellow River, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya were still Arkaima civilization, the Yucatan Peninsula and other peoples of the Arctic have been, who created the amazing ecological circumpolar civilization adapted to the very harsh conditions of the ice period, carried the torch of the world of mankind through the glacial period, through tens of thousands of years of terrible cold preserved a rich gene pool, which later became part of the gene pool of many European, and not only European ethnic groups. White Sea is the cradle of Russian civilization. History of Russia began on the shores of the White Sea, the only inland sea of the country, where in ancient times there was Russ White Sea.

When writing this article has used different sources, monographs, and articles. Large role in shaping the concept presented here have played monograph NR Guseva, JD Petukhov, S. Alekseev, A. and M. Leontiev Leontevoj, VN Demin and others that made me pay attention to the Russian North as a possible ancestral Russes, the ancient Slavs and Aryans1. A lot of specific information, artifacts obtained from the Internet. For example, pictures from sites: ; http://jupiters. ; ; ; http://www. ; ; http://www. rgru / events /? event_id = 1814; ; ; ; http :/ / , as well as a portal Google Earth: ; official websites of Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Yaroslavl regions: ; ; Authors of published photographs express my sincere appreciation. Some pictures are made by me personally.

Climatic and ethnic changes on the Belomorth North

The emergence of the oldest people in the Arctic and northern Europe correlated with changes in climate over several tens of thousands of years BC with geological, glacial glaciation periods, interglacials, melting glaciers, warming and new cold snaps. The penultimate glaciation about 100,000 years ago changed the interglacial period, which lasted up to 35-30 thousand years BC, which had already created a favorable climate, natural resource and environmental conditions for the life of people and animals. The last ice age then finished in twelfth-X millennium BC Scandinavia, the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea basin 12,000 years ago were filled with strong Scandinavian glacier, similar to today's Greenland. Traces of a powerful ice sheet we see in the mountains of smoothed-islands, bays and narrow inlets, once filled with ice slides down from the mountains of the Kola Peninsula and northern Scandinavia in the direction of the White Sea. Power of the ice sheet in the western part of the White Sea, in all probability, exceed one kilometer. The glacier slowly squeezed out under its own weight in the south-east, carrying gravel, sand and rounded boulders and rock polishing. While Hibiny were hidden under a layer of powerful glacier. Scandinavian glacier began to deteriorate 11-12 thousand years ago. It is melted about 10 thousand years ago.

The largest Russian Indologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences NR Gusev, proves the presence of the common ancestors of the Slavs and Aryans have in the Paleolithic era, the total of their residence in the Russian North. "The formation of the Slavic tribes flowed for thousands of years, and the initial process of the formation of their language and beliefs held in such depths of time, which can be defined as the period of the last interglacial 2, with what is now, in the light of modern science, debate is no longer possible, "- emphasizes Natalia Romanova Gusev [2, c. 21]. On the basis of the development of production in the stories are usually distinguished: Paleolithic - Old Stone Age (more than 2 million years old - 12-10 thousand years ago), Mesolithic - Middle Stone Age (XVI thousand years BC), Neolithic - New Stone Age (VIII-III thousand BC) Copper Age (IV-III thousand BC) Bronze Age (end of IV - beginning. I millennium BC. e.), iron age (the beginning of the I millennium BC. Oe). The formation of primary nuclei of Slavs and Aryans proceeded to the Arctic lands in those centuries when all praprapredki Indo stood at the level of development, corresponding to the beginning of the end of the Paleolithic and Neolithic [3, c. 27].

The next heat period lasted from the time of melting to VII-VI century BC tyasyachelety Its geophysical features have contributed to the expansion of the pastures and agricultural land, increase the number of old people. In the new cold snap began promoting people to the south. During the ice age in the strip of tundra and forest tundra on the edge of the Scandinavian glacier in Eastern Europe lived the ancestors of the modern Lapps - hunters, herders, fishermen. They were not sailors. The range of their distribution was quite extensive, talking about it, many names of the rivers and lakes that make sense only in the Lapp language. Neolithic period in the White Sea in the climatic optimum, characterized by a favorable combination of heat and humidity gave way to bronze, and then iron over the centuries. The average annual temperature then was much higher than today. This dramatically increased productivity of natural ecosystems. Following the wave of warming in the north-west area residents moved coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forests, they pushed the ancestors of the Lapps and partly assimilated them. On the basis of stable power supply there was a transition of people in permanent settlements. Parking is on the waterfront, where they focused on the outputs of the lakes and rivers in the river channels - in places most convenient for fishing. Apparently, during this period in northern Europe experienced very rapid population growth.

Approximately 4-5 million years ago in northern Europe was cooling, the climate has become less favorable, and then began the relocation of the northern peoples to the south, southwest and southeast. Those who went to the south-west, the Celts have given rise to an ethnic group, those who went to the south, have given rise to the Scythians and Slav ethnic group, while those who went to the south-east, came to the territory of present-day Iran, Afghanistan, India and Tibet and known to us as the arias. Herodotus placed the Hyperboreans (Rus) in the far north on the banks of the "last of the sea", Pliny the Elder wrote of the Hyperboreans as a real ancient people living in the Arctic Circle, with a long tradition: "In these mountains, on the other side Aquillon live a happy people, who called the Hyperboreans.... The sun is shining there for half a year, and it's only one day, when the sun is not hiding from the spring to the autumn equinox, there shone back only once a year at the summer solstice, and come only in the winter. This country has a favorable climate. You can not doubt the existence of this people "[4]. According to ancient Greek sources, Hyperboreans – are the descendants of the Titans, witnesses and the participants of World War II - titanomachy. In the ancient tradition of this era titans called the "Golden Age" - the kingdom of happiness, goodness, justice and abundance. The Russian people the memory of the Golden Age is also preserved in the form of a fairy-tale image of the Golden Empire. Hyperboreans, apparently, is the ancient Rus, which are older than the Slavs, their distant ancestors of living in the White Sea.

Strabo in the "Geography" also wrote about the tip of the Northern Territory, the polar end of the Earth, named Tula (Tula). Thule is just the place where according to the calculations should be Hyperboreas or Arctida, Tula - this is one of the extremities Arctida [4]. A carbon copy of the ancient Arctic mainland Tula (Tula) is the name of an ancient Russian city of Tula. Maybe once settled there came from land of Thule? I must say that departing from their land, the settlers have carried out not only the language, epic, household items, tools and weapons, they carried off to new locations the name of native rivers, mountains, lakes, cities. Look carefully at the map of the north-eastern Europe, and you'll see a lot of rivers with the same name: Kem (3 Rivers), Uhtoma (3 Rivers), the Ganges (two rivers) and many others. In the Mahabharata (Book of Indian Aryans) the description of more than 200 sacred ponds ancient Aryan land, of which in 3150 BC. e. Aryan ancestors left. But today is very similar in sound or maintained in the former sounding names we find in the Russian North (from left once part of the Aryans) and remained Krynica Krynica, Agastya was Agashka Akshay remained Aksha, Apaga was Apak, Archikoy - Archikoy , Asita -

ACAT Ahalya - Ahalenka, Vancha - Vancha, Varaha - Vary Kubja - Kubja, Kumar - Kumarevka, Manusha - Manushinskoy, Pariplava - swimming, Plaksha - Cry-Baby, Sita - Sit, Somalia - Som Tushnov - Tushino, Urvashi - Urvanovsky, Ushanas - Ushanets, Sean - Shana, Shiva - Shivskaya, Yakshini - Yakshina. Accidentally many coincidences could occur. Hydronym Sindhu - Hind - Indus Aryans brought with them by coming to the land of ancient India, and it corresponds exactly to the number of Russian North hydronyms [2, p. 62).

In the late nineteenth century Indian scholar Balgangadhar Tilak (1856-1920), analyzing the texts of the Rig Veda, the conclusions of the Aryan homeland of the polar regions. On the ancestral home of mankind sun rises and sets only once a year, and the year is divided into one long day and one long night, which corresponds to the situation as recorded at high polar latitudes. In the Rig Veda describes dawns longer than they are in the south, it also describes the behavior of the summer sun near the pole when it rises to the maximal height, a lot of the day is "worth" at the same height above the horizon before starting to decline. With the approval of Tilak that the spectacle of the Northern Lights is available only to people circumpolar world up to the southern border of the Russian North, agree to all researchers have the Arctic. B. Tilak leads sufficiently strong evidence indicating-guides to the correct correlation of data from the Arctic Rig Veda [2, p. 25-30, 5]. The best con-firmed the existence Arctida - a country with a favorable climate - are also the annual mass migration of birds from the south to the northern ancient ancestral home and back due to genetically fixed memory space natural mechanism of which is still not entirely clear. What made humans and birds migrate thousands of years ago to the south? Perhaps it was global cooling and a sharp deterioration in climatic conditions.

It is established that the last millennium warm periods in the North-Eastern Europe, the duration of 200-300 years, alternated with cold, lasting for about 300-400 years. In this cold period be more rainfall, high standing of lake levels and increased water content of rivers. Archaeological excavations carried out in the Northern Territory cinemo River where it flows into Lake Lacha showed that parking places here, from the second millennium BC. e., flooded and drained a few times. The beginning of our millennium had a warm, dry period, but then the cold period parking lot was flooded again, but now the highest part of the terrace, which was a lot, is not filled with water again.

At the beginning of the II millennium BC. e. to the territory of the Upper Volga region and in Bjarmians tribes invaded Fatyanovo culture "battle ax" and "Corded Ware", then spread over large areas of Europe. Population Fatyanovo culture has mastered the livestock and crop farming, manufacturing of products made of copper and bronze. Archeologists have found dozens of "combat" Fatyanovo axes on the river Sheksna, White Lake, rivers, Vologda and Sukhona. On the territory of Bjarmians iron smelting and fabrication of his tools and weapons are known to the VII-VI centuries BC. e. The earliest articles of iron until found near Vologda River and Mologa in Ustyuzhenskaya area. Apparently, as a result of contact with the local population fatyanovtsami became acquainted with cattle breeding and agriculture, hunting and fishing, but there is still continued to play a leading role in the lives of people. I think that the then settlers into the territory of the future Bjarmians were first Cimmerian tribes (Fatyanovo culture) who have completed the smelting of bronze, and behind them was the wave of the Celtic tribes, who have mastered the production of pig iron.

Presumably at the end of I-th millennium BC. e. the territory of the north-eastern Europe from the East began to penetrate the ancestors of the Baltic Finns, Estonians, Mari, Vepsians, Mary and Komi. They have assimilated much of the indigenous Sami people, the Cimmerians-fatyanovtsev and partly Celts. But the White Sea coast part of the Celts associated with the sea, has retained its identity. Not wanting to assimilate the Sami left behind by migrating herds of reindeer north to escape from propagating Finnish and Karelian colonization. Living conditions in the forest-tundra of Scandinavia and the Kola were most similar to the terms of the Ice Age. At the end of the XII century Danish Saxo Grammaticus called Sami skilled archer and ski-workers, as well as magicians and soothsayers. From hunting wild reindeer Sami went to their domestication and herding. The Sami people in Europe have created an ascetic culture adapted to life in the harsh conditions of the Ice Age. This is truly a relic of the Ice Age, ethnicity.

With the onset of the Bronze and Iron Ages even more in the North-Eastern Europe appeared fort, fortified by ramparts and moats, developed the exchange of goods and trade. It definitely shows that the inhabitants of the settlements is 5-6 thousand years ago, accumulated wealth that was necessary to protect and exchange. Early Iron Age hillfort in Bjarmians in many ways similar settlements Dyakovo culture spread in the Volga-Oka rivers and on the Upper Volga. It should be noted that the historical and cultural in the Iron Age is explicit separation of the north-eastern Europe into two major ethnic regions: Western (pools Mologi and Sheksna) and eastern (Sukhona pools, the Northern Dvina and Vaga).

About the climate catastrophe that occurred after the Holocene climatic optimum com-schayut, for example, Russian spiritual stanza poem about doomsday, "nesvetimaya darkness come upon us, the sun died down light, the light of his not waking Litsa on earth in the hours before the evening came the day The Night exceedingly dark; Beam changed its nature, a bright moon in the dark pre-lomisya; star in heaven and quench their light, earth and water decreased its fruit, drop from the sky burning sap, wheat scrapped nesozreluyu ... The variable nature of their sea ... Winter came exceedingly fierce, ubi grapes vsezeleny "[4, 5]. What kind of grapes? Are grapes can grow in the era of the Holocene optimum in the White Sea? Might well, after all, the current climate on the banks of the White Sea is not as harsh as it may be expected at a given latitude. Zatoka warm and moist air from the Baltic Sea and from the Atlantic to make the relatively warm climate of the White Sea. Water Lily (Nimphaea candida) and today is found in shallow freshwater lakes and quiet river creeks along the southern and south-eastern shore of the White Sea.3 This species is a relic of a warmer era in which he penetrated to the north and widely spread here in the White Sea. The warming influence of the Gulf Stream on the shores of the White Sea is very much affected. Flora of the northern Indo-European homeland, which, according to the Indian Rig Veda, was on polar and circumpolar North, included aspen, willow, willows, birch, pine, fir, linden, mountain oak, sessile oak, hornbeam, beech, ash, walnut, heather, rose, apple, dogwood, cherry, mulberry, grapes. Based on this list, the climate in the White Sea at the time was about the same as it can now be seen on the southern shore of the Baltic and North Seas.

The ancient origins of the Rus to be found also among the ethnic group of the Celts, in the content of their language, culture, and comparative analysis of the well-known artifacts preserved in the Russian North and in Europe. It is possible that in Western Europe Celtic ancestors originally came from the North-Eastern Europe and northern Trans-Urals about VI-V millennium BC. In the legends of the Irish Celts there are a number of legends about the northern homeland, from which the alleged antiquity came to Western Europe their ancestors, gods. Around 1200 BC Celts occupied most of Europe. They are engaged in agriculture, smelted iron. In 390 BC Celts captured the capital of the hated Roman Empire, but the Celts, the Romans retaliated violently: they invaded Gaul and was forced to move to the land of the Celts of Northern and North-Eastern Europe. Those who remained in Gaul, were assimilated by the Romans and Germans. In I. BC Celts were displaced and scattered in Ireland, England, on the coast of the Baltic, Scandinavia and, possibly, to the White Sea. Under pressure from the Romans and the Germanic tribes in western Europe Celtic civilization was virtually wiped out. But the most persistent pieces of glass for a long time remained in Ireland, the Baltics, Scandinavia and, possibly, on the White Sea - in the territories, who did not know the Roman rule. I think that the Celts who lived in Ireland, the Irish were living in Scandinavia - have joined the Norwegian and Swedish ethnicities, and lived in the White Sea -joined the ethnic Rus [6]. Fleeing the Romans and Germans, some of the Celts could return to their studies toric home in the White Sea. The Celts liked to build the fortress made of stone, was mounted stone crosses on the graves and places of worship. It is known that the ancient Celtic tribes were familiar with the script and even inscribed on gravestones and ceramics, but the Celts did not devote any secrets in their legends and therefore never recorded them. Legends of the Celtic handed down orally from generation to generation4.

Celtic jewelry is typical for a weaving pattern in the form of interlocking spirals, circles and disks, which apparently they were in the role of symbols of the sun - one of the main objects of worship. Celtic crosses are often erected in places of public assembly, and not as a tomb. Some of them were inscriptions and secret signs. First, the cross was an equilateral or a swastika, and after the adoption of Christianity began to make wooden crosses eight-pointed. Gradually, the Celts lost passionarnost and Celtic superethnos began to fall under the influence of ethnic groups affiliated to various factors, including, of course, there were those like the conquest and absorption of new, more passionary peoples, ethnic migration of aging in new regions with different natural conditions, where it is was forced to merge with the local ethnic group, acquire skills and technology of life under the new environmental conditions. Happened genetic mixing of local and migrant ethnic groups, this involved a new child ethnicity, which kept useful and best practices of both parental and ethnic groups was more passionarnym [6].

Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of the Celtic kind of cult of blacksmithing. Thus, in the northern parts of Britain were found shards of pottery, decorated with images of tools related to blacksmithing. In addition, it was found a bronze image of a blacksmith, found the figure of the god-smith is attached to a ceramic vessel. God is depicted standing in front of a blacksmith anvil, holding in one hand, tongs, and another - a hammer, that is, the attributes of blacksmithing. Pottery, from which it is made statue, dating from around II in. BC In Celtic mythology, the gods appear several blacksmiths. For instance, in Irish legend blacksmith forges Goibniu tirelessly magic weapons for the gods. Blacksmithing since ancient times, and was known and loved in Russia. In his early childhood in the attic of our old house I found in an old chest of blacksmith tools of my long-dead grandfather. I already knew that these tools can be of the heated red-hot iron, as if from clay to sculpt a variety of forms - axes, knives, lances. I am proud to be proved in their peers find, bragged that my great-grandfather was a blacksmith. I remember how my friends were jealous.

The Celts were skilled horsemen and the battle with their enemies often traveled on chariots. The very name of Gaul in German sounds like Gaul, which means "horse, horse," which certainly indicates a special role in the lives of horses, this Celtic ethnic group. The Celts used in battle chariots and horse riding. The wheel of the Celts considered a solar symbol, apparently because it is being round, looks like a sun. The Celts are often put in a little grave-wheel drive models, apparently believing that the sun will illuminate the characters died the way to the underworld. Celtic cross is often placed inside the circle and shared a circle into four equal parts, symbolizing the four seasons. Such symbolism is found in the applied arts and in Russia since ancient times. Thus, the appearance of the name "Kola Peninsula" is clearly connected with the wheel - year round. We all familiar words, brace, number, name Kohl's - they say that the Celts really were our ancestors.

Celtic languages were a group of close dialects and were one of the branches of the Indo-European family of languages. At present, modern language of most inherited from the ancient Celtic Irish and Russian. In the religion of the Celts took place cult of trees, while considered particularly sacred oak tree druids. Druids turned oak groves in the real sanctuary and cult centers, and oak branches used in various rituals. In Russian, the Celtic word "druid" and reminds the meaning and the sound of the word "tree", "wood". Oak, for its special strength and durability, and is revered in Russian: "Do not make a noise mother Dubravushka green, give me a good fellow dumate thought." Oaks have always been associated with the heavens, and many Celtic reliefs and statues found in archaeological excavations are made of oak wood. I remember with reverence my father talked about oak furniture and wood instruments made of oak, when we had master furniture for our new home in 1960. I do not think we accidentally and our currency jokingly call «the ruble wood» - these associations comes from the depths of some archaic ethnic memory.

Special reverence among the Celtic tribes used the head. The Celts considered the abode of the soul and mind even thought that the head is able to survive on its own, without the rest of the body. I think that the idea of the heart as the seat of emotions, including love, we got it from the Slavs, and not from the Celts. The Celts certainly sought to decapitate the enemy on the battle- field. What a noble and influential was the boss's severed head, the more honor it brought the warrior-Celts, whose trophy she has become. It's amazing how tenacious the people, even the most terrible habits! Replaced by ethnic groups, languages are disappearing old and new, and customs persisted tens of thousands of years. For a long time the criminals were executed in Russia is cutting off the head. On the bow of Viking ships and Vikings (and not just the Vikings) could see the head of the gods and goddesses. I would say that many of the traditions of the Celts are very stable and persist today in many European nations. For example, we still vayaem stone and bronze heads of our leaders and set them on pedestals. In the poem, AS Pushkin's Ruslan beating in the open field with his head chopped off by someone giant warrior. On this occasion, I am reminded of the head VI Lenin, set on a narrow and tall pedestal in the city of Ulan-Ude. The construction is very much like a phallus and caused frightened by those who saw it for the first time.

Climatic upheavals occurred in the north of Europe, not only in ancient times, and they happened later, they happen now. According to chronicles, it is known that the mid-winter temperatures XIV - the end of the XVI century were significantly lower than those observed in previous and subsequent centuries. In winter 1477, for example, little snow fell and the cold rivers and swamps were frozen, fish and reptiles were killed. Winter 1493-1494 gg. too, was very severe, birds Merlot, and the thaw was not until March. In 1541 the Northern Dvina ice only came to light at the end of July. In 1517, at Sukhona in Ustjug ice city erased, shore sryli, many households demolished and many people drowned. Rising of water in the rivers of the Northern Territory with ice jams can reach 10 m above low level, and sometimes more. The sharp deterioration of climate occurred in the early XVII century under Boris Godunov: famine that occurred after several lean years in a row, has become one of the main causes of the unrest, which resulted in nearly collapsed the young Russian state [7, 8].

Despite the variations in climate and the overall severity of the conditions, the European North, compared with the south, to life and development of ethnic groups and have a real advantage. Here, on the shores of the White Sea, through dense forests and swamps from the south could not break through the steppe on their swift horses. Consequently, the residents of the White Sea were well protected from the attacks of enemies from the south. Severe nature and marine craft Russ taught to stick together, to appreciate the friendship and mutual support. The same harshness of nature forced them to change the fur, fish and walrus tusks for bread and fine linen. Therefore Russes became not only the sea hunters, but also merchants, and when there was nothing to sell, then the robbers - the Vikings, mercenary warriors - Waranga. Hardened severe nature, they were invincible warrior and relatively easily subjugated numerically small and fragmented forest tribes ugrofinov and Slovenes.

Vikings-Russ - is not scandinavic vikings

Highly passionate ethnic Rus Vikings-known from the Chronicle, which states that the Slovenes, the whole, Meria and krivichi in the IX century, was invited to reign and rule in his country of some princes of the Varangian Rus. The reasons for this are not clear. Or between Slovenia vesyu, Merey Kriviches and no agreement has been gnawed and different clans and tribes among themselves, or the enemies of all "Alone" overpowered, and their own forces to protect themselves lacked, or dynastic crisis occurred. Or maybe it was not so, and came from the north-Vikings Russ and seized power in Ladoga, subdued words, all, Meyrueis and Krivichy, expanding, so their possessions and their zone of influence. And the monks chroniclers 200 years after it came up with the legend of the vocation of Rurik and his brothers. Not so important as there Rurik, Truvor Sineus and in Ladoga BELOZEROV and Polotsk. The main thing - where they came from, and what were roduplemeni? Historians have long puzzled over these questions, but to anything and do not agree. Some believe that Rurik and his brothers were old Swedish, the other - the Norwegian, the third - the German, the fourth - of the Baltic Slavs. Many versions agree on one thing: they came from the west, created a multi-ethnic state and founded the Rurik dynasty, which ruled Rus and then Russia until Ivan the Terrible and his son, Fyodor, almost to the XVII century - until the Great Troubles.

In Radzivilovsky chronicle says: "Let us look for Soba Prince, Who would volodel us and judge by the law. And idosha at Sea, cooking gam  to Russia. And izbrashasya three brothers from their labors, by Soba poyasha all rus, and pridosha; oldest Rurik sede Novegorode, others Sineus at Bele-the-Lake, and the third, Truvor, in Izborste "[9, p. 16]. So Rurik got Novgorod principality Sineus - Belozerskoye, Truvor - Pskov. Younger brothers soon died, leaving no children, and Rurik annexed them to his principality and became the head of a vast multiethnic state, the founder of the dynasty. Generally accepted date of 862 AD when Rurik first settled in Staraya Ladoga, and by building a fortress there, took power in Novgorod "for a number of" (the contract) with the local Slavic boyars. After the death of his commander Oleg Rurik extended possession, going with a team on the south, took the ruse, Kiev, Askold killed right there and moved the capital of a vast state in Kyiv. Rurik and his brothers are invited to the reign of Slovenia, Kriviches, vesyu and Merey were neither Sweden nor the Germans, nor the Norwegians. Therefore, we are not talking today, no Swedish or in Norwegian or in German, and even the words of Swedish, Norwegian or German in the Russian language there is little, but in the Norwegian and Swedish, Russian words are.

In "The Tale of Bygone Years" [8] of the vocation of the princes said: "thee thus bo zvahusya article Varyazi Russia, for they behold FRIENDS zvutsya Svie, friends of the same Umraniye, Anglyane, friends Gotha, and the same si." Nestor as lists progeny of Japheth: Vikings, Swedes, Norwegians, Goths, russ, Angles, Galicians, Wallachians, Romans, Germans, Venetians and others. He did not announce Vikings Sweden or Norway, and does not claim that the Vikings speak Swedish or Norwegian. Many believe that the Vikings, who were invited to reign, were Russian [10, p. 4]. In

Radzivilovsky Chronicle mentions that during the campaign with Oleg Varangian guards at Constantinople in 907, they "take his weapons of Perun, the god of the ..." Swedes and Norwegians could worship Odin, but not Perun. Perun was the god of the Ants, Balts, and Slavs. When the Greeks were asking who served in the Imperial Guard Vikings: "Where are you, Vikings?" They did not hesitate to answer: "Of Tula ..." [10]. New Tula means not present a city in the central part of Russia, and Tula - the ancient Hyperborea (accent on the last syllable). Varangian vigilantes and merchants settled down in Russia in IX-XI centuries, but for some reason after the three hundredth anniversary of his presence-Normans in Russia today is known only one tombstone belonging to the Swede. This purely Scandinavian burial in Russia opened in Plakun tract [11].

From the saga of King Rurik and his descendants will know that the earl was brought Gautalanda Rorik Skilvingov of a kind, kings of the Eastern way. His father, Arnvid Bastard, was killed in Gardariki people sent by the Swedish King. Arnvid Aldeygyubor rightfully owned by God (Ladoga - approx. AG) and collected tribute from Holmgrada, Bjarmians and other lands of the Eastern route [12, 13]. Swedish King had sent ships with a large army, his men fought with people Arnvida, and many fell on both sides in this battle. Aldeygyuborga The king was killed, and with him were killed almost all of his warriors. But also from the people the Swedish King in less than a half. And then people Gardariki, called Slovenia, together with Bjarmians and other tribes, defeated them and drove across the sea. After that Slovenia had to remember that the enemy is brought up in Gautalande Swedish King. They sent their man, and he secretly met with Rorik. Ambassador of Gardariki, named Lute, Rorik said: "We promise to give you Aldeygyuborg again, if you manage to protect us from the people of King" [14]

Rurik, Truvor, Sineus Godlayba were the sons of the king, who died in 808 in the war with the Danes. Because of their childhood throne passed to his brothers Godlayba, Trasiku and Slawomir, and then their successors - and Godomyslu Tabemyslu. At last, this branch of the dynasty suppressed. The throne passes to the offspring of his grandfather's brother Godlava Belingusa -Mieczyslaw III. B. Lisin believes that Rurik, Truvor Sineus and were forced to seek his fortune overseas. [15] After the death of Gostomysla Rurik and his brothers began to rule Velitsegradskoy ground. By the way, the name of Rurik - Rereg - means falcon, Sineus - no mustache, and Truvor - Trivero. Brothers of the Vikings in their religious orientation were Trivero, as evidenced by their family arms-trident (Figure 2). In another version of OM Bittern, a symbol of power Rurik

means falcon in the attack - two pointed wings and middle tail (Fig. 3) [10, 15]. In "Song of Igor's Campaign" Russian princes named sokolichami.

Originally Rurik not reigned in Novgorod, and in Ladoga, Novgorod and became the capital of Northern Russia only in the fourth year of the reign of Rurik. Ladoga generally much older Novgorod, education can be safely attributed to the VI century. It is this time dates earthen mound, archaeologists have dug out at the place where the river flows into the Ladozhka Volkhov. Agricultural implements found here suggest the high culture of the inhabitants of the agricultural set- tlement, those who knew the field plow agriculture. According to archeology, in the VIII century Ladoga was a major international port and the main point of transit trade. There are a huge number of hoards of Arab coins - dirhams, indicating that trade and economic power of the city. In ancient times it was Ladoga, Novgorod and not on ilmenite, controlled trade of the White Sea, the Baltic Sea, Karelia, Obonezhskaya edge pools Sukhona and upper Volga. Regarding the location of ancient Novgorod is far from clear. The fact that the Norwegian and Icelandic sagas, it is about Holmgarde, not about Novgorod, and certainly not about Novgorod Ilmen. But for some reason historians Holmgard stubbornly believe Novgorod and have it on Ilmen.

The activities of Prince Rurik as the Ladoga-Holmgardsko-Novgorod land we know very little. The chronicle says that he reigned in the world [6, 8, 10, 14, 15], but his rule was by no means calm. Chronicle reported the presence of a strong opposition Rurik, led by some Vadim Brave [8, 9]. In 872 Rurik killed Vadim and his associates. However, in a lot of 875 men fled Novgorod to Kiev. When Rurik of Novgorod and Kiev have entered into armed conflict. It is known that in 873 Kievan princes Askold and Dir went to war against Polotsk, owned by Rurik. Rurik, as we know, in the struggle for power was based on the Vikings. He died in 872, leaving a successor to the throne of his infant son, Igor. It was a regent lord Oleg (Olga). Oleg marched south, captured Smolensk, Ljubech and then Kiev. Thus, the Rurik dynasty established on the throne of Kiev - Kiev-Novgorod arose Russia.

Arab writers have found information on trade, produced on the upper Volga Bulgars with the tribes of the North-West Russia. They talk about the land Visu, lying high in the north, to the east of the Viking sea. In or behind the seventh climate in which they live and the Vikings and Yugra, to the northern latitude, where in the summer there is no night and no day in the winter, there are severe frosts. In their country of Bulgar merchants brought blades for swords and many other goods and take out the squirrel, beaver and sable fur. In all likelihood, "visu" Arabs - all this tribe Russian chronicles, which was located north of Novgorod, near the White Sea. All considered among the tribes, sent to the Varangians to ask a prince. There is a report that ladozhtsy (the people who live around Lake Ladoga) were then the most by numerous of all the Russian tribes who went on a business trip to Constantinople and Spain, where they were taken to sell furs, slaves, copper and wax.

Between the Russian, Scandinavian Vikings and the Vikings was implacable hostility. On one stone in the parish Turinge in Sweden ancient runes written that he delivered in memory of the husband, who fell as a squad leader in Garduno (Gardariki) in Holmgard. In Holm-garde also fell Sigvid of Setershtama in Södermanland, who had gone on his long board. According to the testimony of tombstones, many other famous Viking-Swedes fell in the kingdom, which lies to the east, that is, in the lands on the other side of the East Sea. There was killed Ingemund, son of Earl Kheradi Ullerakera; died there Gismundera son of Attundalandii and Kheradi Vallentuna, there have fallen brothers and Torkil Sturbern, good soldiers, tombstones and which can now be seen near Vastra Tifstegen in the parish Vagnherade in Södermanland. In addition, there fell from Eskil Bokshtada, Soma from Kheradi Ieankera, Ingefast tribes and his sons Holmfasta District of

Sodertalje, there fell the Visigoths Esbern and Yule, the brave men and Ostrogoth of Ingvar Tabyu, headstone that was placed against his father , Sixten [12, 13].

In Sweden, much talked about campaigns in unfamiliar Ingvar Eastern countries. Ingvar was a famous family, smart and eloquent, gentle and generous to his friends, to the brutal enemies, strong forces, white face, with a beautiful posture, in decent societies, and well versed in all things. He wanted to discover the royal name, but Olaf Sketkonung refused him. In annoyance he left the country and was looking for a land and power in other places. He swam well kitted out with 30 ships in Gardarika, spent three winters there and learned many languages. Hearing a lot of talk about the three great rivers flowing east Gardariki, out of curiosity, he went to a nearby place to find out from someone else, where the mouth of the medium, the biggest of them. However, no one could tell him. Ingvar decided to personally find out and swam to the extreme limits Gardariki with 30 vessels [13].

Norwegian Vikings country on the shores of the White Sea and in the basin of the Northern Dvina called Bjarmland [12]. They were able to conquer England and France, but Bjarmians they could not win, even though repeated clashes with Russian pomors they took place. Even the holy temple Bjarmians they once pillaged by collecting coins secretly at night ritual on the graves, but were forced to flee shamefully with the stolen money for his burial ship. By the way, the Norwegian Vikings in their sagas report that Bjarmians in the lower reaches of the river Vina (Northern Dvina) 1000 years ago, there were numerous settlements of people engaged in agriculture.

Vikings-rus, as well as the Scandinavian Vikings were a people highly passionarnym. It is well known that the Vikings easily conquered France, England, but here in the East in Gardariki have something kleilos. Probably, here they met his match in the person of the Varangian Rus. In Anders Strinngolma in the book "Hiking Viking" [12] is a line from an old song-Swedish Vikings, who are very accurately convey the psychological traits of passionaries: "We are impressed with swords at a time when still young I used to go to the east to cook the meal bloody wolves, and in the great battle, when all the inhabitants Helsing I sent to the halls of Odin. From there, the ships have brought us to the Yifu where our spears pierced the armor, swords cuts through our shields ... We hit the swords in the day when I saw hundreds of men lying on the sand at one of Cape English: arms dripping with bloody dew, arrows whistling, looking helmets ... Oh, it was for me a delight, how to keep yourself in the lap of beauty! We hit the swords of fifty one battle. I doubt if there is a king among men glorious me. From a young age I wanted to shed blood, and such a death. Valkyries, Odin's messenger, called my name, beckoning me, I go to feast with the gods of the place of honor. Hours of my life is running out, but die with a smile, "[30]. "It is better to die bravely and with praise, rather than yavimsya cowards. The king should live for the glory and praise, not to seek long life and old age "- so said the Scandinavians kings and mighty men, as they lived. Glorious life and death, fame among his contemporaries, the memory in the offspring were all the charm of the existence of a Viking passionaries: "Dying cattle, relatives dying and death, you yourself, but death does not know the great fame worthy deeds." So thought not only men but also women with drive: "What do I want to take a husband who sits all with his mother, in the home nest and loves to have a better economy than to seek honor and glory?" [13].

It is necessary to look closely at the historical map of Northern Europe, and we'll see that on the shores of the Baltic Sea there were tribes, different ethnic groups, nations, cities, among which were the endless wars for centuries. And on the shore near, in general, the White Sea is empty: there are no cities, states and countless cities, and has lived here some wild Chud zavolochskaya that to the XVII century somehow disappears.

Suddenly in the XIII-XV centuries appear on the White Sea Novgorod Slavs, who quickly hundred-novyatsya sailors and their ships ply the waters of not only White but also the Barents Sea, go to Grumand, uterus, beyond the Urals - on the Ob and Yenisei. Russian pomors allegedly became Slavs who came to the White Sea to the shores of Lake Il'men, quickly invented the ships, have created a unique culture of the polar sea, have mastered navigation in Arctic waters. And before that they were farmers - ognischanami, though some swam across the lake and the river Il'men Volkhov.

Slavs who came to the shores of the White Sea in the XII century, a hundred years the Arctic could become brave sailors, hunters of walrus and seals. This can not believe the only one who had not heard of the ships of the features of navigation in the Arctic. Create a hundred years of unique marine culture of the people who for centuries before the rye was grown, hunted in the woods, fished in the rivers and lakes, they could not. Thoughts about the impossibility of such a rapid transformation of the farmers in my sailors appeared in 1969, when he came on a visit to one Eskimo village in Nunyamo on the Chukchi Peninsula. He showed me the ropes and fittings for the marine hunting, and many enthusiastically talked about the methods of extraction of marine animals, their ancestors and traditions of the Inuit. Then I realized that the culture of marine hunters and polar navigators as old as the culture of farmers and herdsmen of the steppe nomads.

Who are they - Vikings-Russ?

Vikings-rus, invited to rule in Ladoga, or maybe simply seized the land of the Word, and the curve of Rural Lands force, were Scandinavians. Known for Slavic, doctor used toric Sciences SV Alekseev, in his "Slavic Europe V-VIII centuries" states directly that "Russ overseas were not strangers - or Norman, west-noslavyanskimi. No tribe "Rus" outside of historical Russia never to exist. With all its different tribes Russ was a strictly local education "[16, p. 408]. The name "Rus" and the political reality of the "Russia" appeared in Eastern Europe before Rurik. SV Alexeyev said that at the end of the VIII century Russ truly is-las "Vikings", but Slovenian Vikings roving squads of soldiers and traders. The common term "Vikings" appears at the end of X century, when the word "Rus" is the symbol of the ancient Russian state. Looking at the situation with a description of the treatment to the Varangians, a renowned historian draws attention to note that the correct number of non-Rus among the tribes who sent to Varangians (rusi!) of Rurik, this is clearly contrary to the whole text of the "Tale of Bygone Years" as a whole.

In Byzantium, Russ swore god Perun, and not one, as they have been trident emblem, they lived in the far north by the sea and could equally confront passionarnym Scandinavian Vikings. Arabic texts say that Russ SPUS-ing to the Volga River in ships and engaged in trade, but did not report to anyone or about themselves or about their products, do not allow anyone in his country. Healers they occupy the position of preferred and even have power over the king. At the funeral of a noble Virus placed in the grave clothes, food, wine, money, with him being buried alive for his wife bliss of the soul of the deceased. Clothing Rus and Slavs from flax. Of Arta (Rus country) black sable skins are exported, foxes, and lead. Russ shave their beards, and some frizz hair and dyed in yellow and black, wear them - short arkhaluk. To the east of the area is Mount Rus Pechenegs south - Root River to the west - the Slavs, to the north - north of uninhabited land. In the 912913 years. Rus adopted Christianity, but this confession of faith "has blunted their swords," and then they sent four men in Khorezm to by means of Khorezm become Muslims. [17]

One of the three categories of the Rus was "particularly frightening." In the country Ars nobody gets because they kill any stranger that came to their land. They live in island size in three days in the path length and three wide. The climate on the island of crude, around the thicket, thicket. Russ called the King Hagan. The king Artania lives and reigns in Arta. Abu Hamid al-Gharnati put Artoo near Visoy (vesyu). He wrote that the tiers are numerous, their country is rich in its big cities. Russ attack the Slavs, sell them into slavery, robbed of their supplies. Russ leave an inheritance only daughter. If a son is born, the father of the child presents a sword, saying, This is your inheritance, my father bought his property with the sword, and you've got to do. Artaniyskie blades can be folded in half, and then they straighten up. When Russ start a war, strife cease until the victorious enemy. Bavarian geographer in the IX century, a table of tribes east of the Frankish empire, in which, among many peoples and named Russa (Ruzzi) [17].

"The whole earth is covered with dense forests of different species. Among the thickets of the forest is a huge lake surrounded by marshes and reed beds. In this lake are catching otters, beavers and other animals with a square muzzle. Fur of these animals boudins otorachivayut their coats and beaver testicles used as a remedy for diseases of the uterus, "- wrote in ancient times by Herodotus in his History of the inhabitants of Northern European [4]. According to the Bible, Mount primogenitor was all northern peoples, including the Norwegians, Swedes, Finns, Lapps, Rural Lands and Russian. It was not only the ancestors of the northern peoples and the organizer of the northern lands, but also the founder of astronomy and founder of "ostronomeynoy wisdom" that is, cosmic philosophy. Perhaps this explains originates and Russian Space Art? In the "Kalevala" tells about the naval battle of the heroes of the Karelian-Finnish epic, the people of far northern land of Pohjola over the ownership of the mill magic Sampo.

Chronicler of the XI century (probably the Rev. Nestor) wrote the following: "The Dnepr bo Okovskago leak from the forest, and will flow to poldne and Dvina used the same forest will flow, and goes to midnight and vnidet Varyazhskoe at sea. Use the same timber to leak Volga vstok and vtechet semyudesyat zherel Hvalisskoe at sea. The same and of Russia mozhet iti on Volz in Bulgaria and unto Hvalisy, and vstok milks unto lot Simov, and the Dvina unto Vikings ... "[18]. It clearly stated that the Dvina flows to midnight, ie to the north, and empties into the sea

Varangian. This obviously is not the Western Dvina and the Northern Dvina. By the way, the Western Dvina at the time and called in another way - the Daugava. So chronicler clearly indicates that the Vikings should be sought on the shores of the White Sea, which he calls Varangian [11].

It is possible that Russ reported by Arab sources, lived on the shores of the White Sea in the country, which was called Art (Ars) or Artania. This edge is called the Blue or White Sea Russia, Russian Pomerania. The White Sea and today remains the only inland sea of our country. White Sea - a vast area in the north of the European part of modern Russia. Russ thousands of years to grow roots all the White Sea coast to the surrounding areas in the lower reaches of the rivers Onega, Mezeni and the Northern Dvina.

By the way, the territory of the Russian White Sea in size is sufficient for the formation and development of independent ethnic group. In fact, none of the Western European ethnic groups ever held more original territory than Russ White Sea. Passionate ethnic group can expand its territory only by the subordination of the neighboring ethnic groups, but the first multi-ethnic state is formed inside which gradually formed a "hybrid" super-ethnos, which usually takes the name of passionate language and ethnicity. If we want to find the most pure Russian, then they should look for it on the White Sea in the north of the remote villages and towns within a defined territory - Russ White- Marine. I believe that here, on the southern shore of the White Sea, between the river Kem Mezensky to the west and the Gulf in the east, in the IX-VIII millennium BC began the formation of the ancient ethnic group of people of the sea - Russ. Lapps were never human sea, they were herders, hunters and inhabited proglacial landscapes - the tundra and forest tundra.

By the way, the territory of the Russian White Sea in size is sufficient for the formation and development of independent ethnic group. In fact, none of the Western European ethnic groups never held more original territory than Russ White Sea. Passionate ethnic group can expand its territory only by the subordination of the neighboring ethnic groups, but the first multi-ethnic state is formed inside which gradually formed a "hybrid" super-ethnos, which usually takes the name of passionate language and ethnicity. If we want to find the most pure Russian, then they should

look for it on the White Sea in the north of the remote villages and towns within a defined territory - Russ White-Marine. I believe that here, on the southern shore of the White Sea, between the river Kem on the west and the Gulf of Me-zenskim the east, IX-VIII millennium BC began the formation of the ancient ethnic group of people of the sea - Russ. Lapps were never human sea, they were herders, hunters and inhabited proglacial landscapes - the tundra and forest tundra. Ugrofiny - the ancestors of present-day Finns, Estonians, Karelians, and Vepsians - have lived in the south - in the woods, they were hunters, fishermen and farmers lightly. They, too, were not men of the sea. At the earliest times, as now, the Rus-mariners, ancient Lapps and ancient ugrofiny occupy different resource and ecological niches, they exchange the products of their production and get along well with each other. Of course, in between there were skirmishes and feuds, but was exchanged and the brides and grooms to be, and mutual enrichment of cultures.

Pic. 4. Borders of Russia White Sea. In all likelihood, in the area originally was a formation of the ethnic group known as the chronicles of the Vikings-rus, the ancient Rus.

According to AJ Martynov [19, 20], the ability of the northern Russian Vikings swim in the Arctic evolved for thousands of years. At the beginning, in the ice age 15-20 thousand years ago, a means of transportation on the rivers and seas here were framed vessels for which the frame was made of thin wood bent slats. He was covered with leather marine animals are likely to walruses. These boats were light, easy to carry, however, they were quite roomy, they can go to sea for 4-5 people. Similar boats still in use in America, Eskimos and Chukotka. Using these boats, in the recent past they have successfully hunted walrus and whales in coastal waters.

With the retreat of the glacier degradation and climate improved, and in the White Sea basin about 6-7 thousand years ago there were forests. Russ first built rafts and boats dugout, and then raft, barges and lodyas. Initially, the ships were rowing, but later learned to walk and sail. Then they started to build ships with deck and cabin, enabling shelter from the cold, and for a long time at sea. As described by Yu Savateeva [21, 22], the boat pictured on the White Sea Petroglyphs5, bore the brunt of 3 to 24 paddlers (Pic. 5). The most important evidence of the existence in the region of the primitive "fleet" are stone "anchor" or, more precisely, the "anchor stones" found in the cultural layer of the Solovetsky camps, and Muksalma Kolguev. "Anchor stones" are shale or sandstone slabs with grooves formed on opposite faces of tench (belt) that connected with the stone boat. According to information received to date archaeological data [19, 20], sailing on the White Sea started no later than 5000 BC Even then, according to the petroglyphs, on the White Sea were built very spacious ships, which could make long sea voyage within not only White but also in the Barents Sea.

IX century Arab sources reported that they had heard from the Russian, was sailing down the Volga to the north on their canoes to trade in the city of Bulgar, that their country is located on an island measuring 60 km in diameter (3 days journey!). On this island, many forests, lakes and swamps. Most of this description, in my opinion, is the Onega Peninsula, connected to the mainland by a narrow today jumper, whose height above sea level at the highest point does not exceed 10 meters I think that archaeologists should take a closer look into this peninsula. Perhaps a thousand years ago, the peninsula was really separated from the mainland of the strait or artificial channel. This idea has prompted me an ancient map of the White Sea, which shows the One-

ga peninsula island. Onega Peninsula fits the description of an Arab: Here forests interspersed spaces, wetlands, many lakes (Pic 6).The island is named for an ancient map Artney and about

Artania, from which came the Bulgar Russes, Arab sources tell us. Maybe it's just a coincidence, but maybe not. (Pic. 6. Ancient map of the White Sea area. Onega Peninsula It depicts an island.)

The descendants of the Rus - Russian coast-dwellers - are already in the XII century, as docu- mented in the written sources, made long voyages in the Arctic. Grumand (Spitsbergen) and uter-

us (New Land) from the mouth of the Northern Dvina and Onega Peninsula is not near the light. Strait of Matochkin reminds us of the old Russian name of the island of Novaya Zemlya - Uterus (dearest). The White Sea is frozen, and therefore called the White, but the Barents Sea, which in ancient times was called the Russian sea does not freeze (and because it is not white): it is well within the Gulf Stream warms the North Atlantic. The structure of marine cur- rents in the White Sea is that if the eastern part of the neck to hold the White Sea, the flow will help the ships go out into the Barents Sea. But to return to the White Sea, it is necessary to keep the western part of the neck. .

Pic. 7. On this map, the red line shows the route that skirted the ships Russes reached Scandinavia and England. This way in the X century Norwegian Olaf came into the White Sea in Bjarmians (as the Norwegians call the White Sea Russia).

Russian coast-dwellers knew the course and used them when moving their ships. When Peter I during the storm began ordering kormschik how and where to sail to Solovki, he just cursed him. The path that pointed to the king led to the apparent destruction, and when Peter realized this, it is not offended by the vaster, and rewarded him by giving his coat off his shoulder. There are credible reports that the Russian coast-dwellers in their boats rounded the Scandinavian countries and reached England, Denmark, France and Spain. Ships belomortsev not only not inferior to the ships seaworthiness of the Western Europeans, but superior to them, especially when sailing in the northern seas..

From the Belomors Russ (Bjarmians) to the Northern and to The Vladimir-Moscows Russ

We know the time when ethnic-Rus Vikings went on to expansion. It was voknyazheniya Rurik and his brothers in the Poconos, and BELOZEROV Izborsk, ie in the IX century. Most likely, this was due to a sharp increase in the number of people on the shores of the White Sea and the outbreak of drive. Since that time, the Vikings successfully resist the onslaught of the Scandinavian

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Pic. 8. Stages of the transformation of the White Sea in Russia North Russia (Veliky Novgorod), and Russia Vladimir-Moscow.

On the map (Pic. 8), I have tried to show two stages of the expansion of White Sea (Varyag) Rus to the south, west and east. Black dashed line is limited to the primary area of ethnic Rus. The first wave of expansion, probably in the IX-XII centuries has led to the spread of Russian as far south as northern bear away. In the west, a significant barrier for them at this time was the Norwegians and the Swedes, and in the east - the tribes of ethnic Komi, whose lands then perhaps controlled the Volga Bulgaria. In the south, stop Russian expansion at this time, apparently, were the tribes ugrofinskogo Enos Mary, with its capital in Rostov Veliky. Prior to the expansion of the Rus-south meridian ethnic tribes took up almost the entire pool Sukhona and Vaga, but gradually this ethnic group here has been co-opted, adopted Russian language and became part of the ethnic Rus. At this time meryanie who lived in what is now the Yaroslavl region probably still retains their ethnic identity, they have become the latest Russian.

The second wave of Russian expansion, appear to have happened in XIII-XV centuries. At this time, there was a sharp deterioration in climate, swimming in the Arctic seas were difficult, agriculture in the basin of the Northern Dvina, Vaga, Onega and Sukhona became impossible. But the fur trade and a fish tooth (walrus tusks) did not stop, so that much of the Russian remained in the area of their primary and secondary habitats. The migration of the Russian population from the north to the south. Many ancient Russians received then the service is not to Byzantium, and the Golden Horde, having joined here in emerging ethnic Cossacks (Cossacks). Then, under the influence of the White Sea Russes here on the lower Volga and the Don, there was a transformation of the Turkic-speaking Sarmatians in Russian Cossacks. In XIX century, the Don Cossacks house wife spoke a Turkic language, and husbands - in Russian. This can be explained only by the fact that here migrated north Russ took wives of the local people.

Another part of the Rus at that time was the "Novgorod" ushkuynikov or povolnikami turned into a very real robbers who robbed merchants and the city on the Volga, Kama and Vyatka, inducing fear and terror even to the King of the Golden Horde. In XIII-XV centuries formed initially Vladimir Rus, which gradually became Muscovite Russia as well as the city of Vladimir conceded superiority Moscow. Northern Russia, which spawned Russia Vladimir, at this time also existed, and it is well known as Rus Novgorod. But where the capital of the Northern Russia was is not entirely clear. What about the fact that this was the capital of Novgorod for ilmenite, there are many objections. By cultural and ethnic fusion of many ethnic groups at this time, "smelt" is a super-ethnos "Great Russians". The main stages of the expansion of ethnic Rus appropriate public education: 1 - Russ White Sea, or Varangian, 2 - Russ North, or the Great Novgorod, 3 - Russia Vladimir-Moscow, which absorbed a significant portion of the Mongol Empire, was the Russian Empire. The Russian Empire, with its capital in Moscow began to form in the XVII century already under Mikhail and Alexei Romanov. Apogee Russian superethnos - it XVIII-XIX century and beginning of the decline of drive - the twentieth century, when it started the collapse of the Russian Empire.

So, initially Russian culture and Russian autochthonous ethnic group formed in the White Sea in the I millennium BC on the basis of ethnic groups hyperboreans (Rus) and the Celts. Of course, a hundred-finding Russ was preceded by complex processes of ethnic hybridization that occurred as a result of the mixing of several ethnic groups that have migrated to the region from the east (the Urals), from the south (from the area of the Upper Volga), from the south-west (from the shore of the Baltic Sea) . As a result, on the shores of the White Sea had already formed the original material and spiritual culture of the northern seafarers. Unfortunately, this stage in the history of the peoples of the White Sea has been studied very bad. There is some evidence that people lived here 8.7 million years ago, right after the degradation of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet. But then historians suddenly brought us right in the middle ages, when the Solovetsky Islands in the mouth of the Northern Dvina River infiltrated the Christian missionaries and founded monasteries, built in the XVII century on the Big Solovetsky Island of wild stones and brick powerful fortress, orthodox churches and cells. The monks joined the lake on the island of channels, paved roads, created a system of water supply. In general, it appears that the monks civilized savage tribes of the White Sea, who only knew how that live in huts and scratching on the rocks petroglyphs. The affected model of the false stories, we often overlook the facts that clearly contradict it, we do not believe these facts and say to ourselves: "This can not be, because this can never happen." Yes, easier to believe than to know, and we are happy to immerse our consciousness in the ease of faith, sometimes even absurd belief.

Pic. 9. The western coast of the White Sea. Ragged rock glacier surface islands, picturesque bays and straits in which to take shelter in a storm.

From the Barents Sea to the White on the ice flow brought walrus, ringed seals. These species of mammals have been one of the main objects of production of indigenous people shores of the White Sea, known to us as ruses Vikings-rus, the White Sea Ruthenian people, Russian coastdwellers. Meat, fat, skin - all this gave the hunting of seals and walruses. Skins Nerpichye kids -pups - valued as a very expensive fur. An important role was played by fisheries: mined salmon, cod. As soon as the number of the marine mammals decreased, Pomors had to go outside the White Sea and the Barents Sea in the hunt. The culture is very ancient sea hunters and original, it has developed over thousands of years, not 1-2 century, according to the official story. Can Slovenes from the shores of Lake Il'men 200 years of farmers turn to sea hunters. And those Slovenes, Krivichi, Vepsians, Komi and meryanie who came to the White Sea and wanted to become a marine hunters learned it from Russian coast-dwellers.

On the flat stone surfaces, polished glacier in the White Sea of Russia can be found images of animals, people, boats, accommodating up to 20 people. Such ships plied the White Sea in very ancient times. Ships coast-dwellers, where they went to Grumand, uterus, to Norway and England, went sailing or more sails. Stephen Barrow entered the Glacial Sea in 1555, his schooner came into the Kola Bay (probably talking about the neck of the White Sea). Here is what he said: "As we stood on the river, every day we see how it went down by a lot of Russian lodey, the crews of which consisted of a minimum of 24 people, going to the big 30. People with them have said to me that they are also preparing to sail north to catch walrus and salmon. Among the Russian was the one by the name of Gabriel, who signs explained to me that with a fair wind, they were only 7-8

days to go until the Pechora River. This Gabriel promised to warn me about the shoals, and he really performed. June 22 we left the Kola river with all the Russian lodyami. However, going with the wind, all lodyas ahead of us, however, according to his promise, and his friend Gabriel often lower a little their sails and waiting for us "[23].

Russian sailors built a strong, well-adapted to swimming in the ice of the court. Lodyas mentioned by Barrow, was raised to 200 tons of cargo. For comparison, it may be recalled that the capacity caravels of Columbus and Magellan's ships Willoughby and Hudson did not exceed 120160 tons. Russian, no doubt, were the greatest connoisseurs of sea ice, the navigation conditions of the Frozen by the sea. Suffice it to say that for the different types of ice and describe its motion in the dictionary Russian coast-dwellers, there were about hundreds of terms that were present in the foundation of modern international classification of ice. Russian lodyas kochi and made regular flights to New Earth, reaching its northern extremity, and to the shores of Grumant. History has not preserved for us the names of any of these polar explorers archipelagos or dates of their discovery. Some historians suggest that the New Earth, and have been known Russian Grumant already in the X century. I think it happened much earlier.

In the New Earth explorer Barents repeatedly seen and crosses, and the wreckage of Russian courts, and even a Pomeranian encampments. De Fer, the chronicler of expeditions Barents, talking about swimming in 1594, wrote: "Having reached by boat to the shore, came upon traces of people co-torye obviously noticing sailors managed to escape. There were six bags full of rye flour, which are hidden in the ground, and a pile of stones at the cross, and in the distance of the shot gun was still another cross with three wooden houses lined up along the northern tradition. They also found five or six coffins full of bones of the dead are not buried in the ground and covered with stones. There also lay broken Russian lodya length of the keel of which was 44 feet "[23]. The first written mention of Grumant (Grulande) occurs in a letter to the German scholar Jerome Munzer to the Portuguese King João II. It dates back to the year 1493: "Under the harsh arctic pole star recently opened a large island Grulanda, which is the greatest human settlement under the reign of the Grand Duke of Muscovy" [24]. But in 1596 the Barents again "discovered" and named it Grumant Spitsbergen. According to family legend Pomeranian kind Starostin, their praprapredki started swimming at Grumant before the foundation of the Solovetsky monastery. By the way, there is a cape in Spitsbergen Starostin, named in honor of one of the members of this famous family. Up until the middle of the XIX century in Russian coast-dwellers there some special "specialty" - grumanlany. Under the guidance of an experienced vaster they went to the banks of Grumant and wintered here, the deer industry, foxes, bears, sea animals.

Russian coast-dwellers, who find themselves thrown out on Grumand when their ship crashed, were able to maintain the will to live. Twelve bullets (more they were not), they killed twelve deer, found on the shore with driftwood logs driven into his iron hook, managed to forge the hook tip of the spear. Spear killed the bear, lived out of his seat to cut the bowstring. Of driftwood made bows, arrows and managed to get two hundred and fifty deer snares caught a lot of foxes. Clothes and shoes made of animal skins sewn homemade needles. Eating one meat, without bread and salt, they have lived on the island for six years and three months, until approached random ship that and took them home - to Mezen. The history of this extraordinary winter described academician P.-L. Le Roy [25]. Le Roy was struck by an improvised weapon, which they brought with them from the island. According to the academician, one of grumanlanov hunted deer with only a knife, chasing deer run.

In the second half of the XVI century Russian coast-dwellers and went into the Kara Sea, reached the Ob and Taz Bay. In 1601, on the Taz River, they founded the famous "zlatokipyaschuyu Mangazeya" - the first legendary Russian capital of Siberia. According to customs data, from Mangazeya exported annually to 100,000 sables! [26, 27].

Ancient voloki and channels of the Northern Russ

Road to the north were the rivers and lakes, according to him moving riverboats Vikings and merchants, warriors and rogues. From one river basin to another fell, breaking watersheds - the so-called dies. Many people think that the ships were dragged on skid trails, but in fact they are rolled, transported on special wagons and horses pulling carts. Later ships do not dragging and transporting goods. The ship left and took over towing another ship and sailed on. Probably in this case were intermediaries who on skid trails provide services for a fee. No coincidence that many of the monasteries in the north arose not just in remote places, particularly on the skid trails or in the immediate vicinity. At the intersections of waterways formed principality, which grew rich from trade, there arose the fortress forts. Great cities in Russia have also appeared on the important trade routes. These are great Ustug at the confluence of the river and south of the river Sukhona. There was a road in

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Pic. 10. The ancient waterways and portages in the north-eastern Europe.

Holmogory rivers of Vologda, Kama, Volga. Holmogory - is paramount point: end of the road on the Northern Dvina and the beginning of a sea route to the White Sea. Kargopol city located on the banks of the lake, through which the waterway from the Baltic, the Volga, in the Volkhov River Onega and the White Sea. At the mouth of the Onega this path ends in the town of Onega, and here began the sea route through the White Sea. City Onega in importance was as important as the Holmogory. City Ladoga controlled waterways along the Neva River from the Baltic and along the Volkhov with Ilmenski lake and on the river. Svir - from the Volga and the White Sea, the Great Ustug controlled the path of the Kama River South in the Northern Dvina Sukhona and back; city Mologa controlled the road from the lake. Ilmenskogo Mologa on the Volga River, in the city of Novgorod Ilmen - the path to the south of the Dnieper basin and the upper Volga River and Lake Ladoga Mologa. City Poshehone stood on the waterway from Sheksna on Sogozhe and Uhtome Yaroslavl in the butt, and I was lying Sukhona. Belozerov located at the junction of three important waterways. Based on the structure of waterways should expect major medieval trading center at the confluence of the Volga and Mologi Sheksna, and at the confluence of the Sukhona, Vologda and Lezha, where to begin river route to the river Bary and Vahe in the Northern Dvina. Annals tell us about Bohtyuzhskom principality, which, in all probability, was located somewhere in these places.

I think that in the mouth of every significant river transport in the Northern Russia then were big and wealthy cities, which with the advent of surface road completely decayed, and their greatness remains perhaps only one name, but many people do become a village or disappeared altogether. So historians have lost Bohtyuzhskoe principality and its capital. But there Bohtyuga River, which flows into the river Sukhona far from its source in Lake. Kubensky. Kubensky of the lake along the river began Kubene waterway of the river Bary, and Vahe - in the Northern Dvina. It was once a rich and densely populated region, maybe even the center of Northern Russia. It was here that I was able to detect a variety of channels, straightening river channels. But in today's poverty and neglect of these places it is difficult to the Center of the Northern Russia. First, the city of Vologda Bohtyugi have seized the initiative, and then the city of Vologda became a remote province of the Russian Empire. Where the movement of the smaller rivers were particularly intense, the owners of a large straightened trails and steep meanders that accelerates and facilitates the movement of ships. Some of the most heavily used skid trails broke through the channels, and quite shallow rivers and dams arranged made special gateways. For example, the watershed Vychegda and Kama is the so-called Catherine Canal. This channel dug well before the reign of Catherine II, and of Catherine him just thoroughly cleaned, can be broadened and deepened. There is an ancient canal in the watershed of rivers Kama and Vyatka. One of the most common occupations in those days was burlachestvo. Usually about this profession we judge by Repin's painting "Barge Haulers on the Volga" as a very serious hard work. But there should be amended to: boatmen were very much on all the rivers of the North, they did not work was hard labor. They earned good money, working in the fresh air. On the banks of the rivers there were many coaching inns where you can stay the night in bad weather, and in good weather it was better to spend the night in a tent, fresh soup supper in the evening. Even in the IX century in the pools and Mologi Sheksna worked to 70,000 boatmen.

With the help of satellite images I was able to discover the ancient river channels on the butt, Vologda, and the origins of Sukhona. Equally ancient canal once connected the river Pinega (right tributary of the Northern Dvina) and the river Mezen. Was not an easy job to straighten rivers and digging of the canals on watersheds. He demanded the participation of a large number of people and serious organization of production. Consequently, while the organization of the society in the north of Russia was quite high. Of course, no one would engage in this kind of work, if it was not profitable to the organizers and performers. Unfortunately, the documents of pre-Christian Rus’ have survived. We only know that Russ came to the Bulgar with goods on their ships, and they were coming from the north, in all probability, from the White Sea, the Northern Dvina, and Onega Sukhona.

Pic. 11. The channel flow straightener Vologda river bed before its merger with Sukhona. Even by the standards of the time, this grand structure. In the annals there is information that the channel is dug on the orders of Prince Gleb Belozerskii in the XII century.

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In this space photo you can see the ancient canal, which connects the river to the river Mezen Pinega (Fig. 12). It runs along the bottom of a wide valley (dark stripe on the left). This valley was formed during the ice age, according to her then flowed a great river with the Scandinavian

ice-nick aside Mezeni. The

was on the

turn in the

the bottom

line of the river

direction of the

edge of the glacier Pinega to its sharp Northern Dvina. At

of the valley of the ice flow in an-

cient times was laid canal linking the two river basin. In all likelihood, the ice stream has dried up, when the glacier degraded 10-11 thousand years ago. After the melting of the glacier as a broad trough of the valley of the river has lost

its significance, but along it today and small rivers flow, there are lakes and marshes on it is flat and low watershed Pinega and Mezeni. It was the bed of small

rivers and chains of small lakes were used canal

builders that we see in the photo. Figure 13. Pinezhsky-Mezensky channel today. He is pretty washed away, but in ancient times it was supported. On the river Pinyega just below this point, ap-

parently, was the dam, which has raised the water level and the canal was filled with water so that it could move on riverboats. I think that in such locations can be found artifacts that prove not only the existence of the waterway in ancient times, but its importance to Bjarmians. After all, this channel ran way from the Northern Dvina River Tzilma, Pechora, Usu, Seydou, Sob, Ob. This way Holmogortsy went to Siberia. By the way, some of the old maps of the river are connected by their origins. Probably as ancient cartographers showed the presence between the rivers of skid-equipped with TVs. Between the mouth and Pinega Mezeni shown such a connection. Looking at the map, you'd think that the river Pinyega suddenly splits, and one sleeve Mezensky flows into the bay, and the other in the Northern Dvina Fig. 14. A fragment of the Mercator map, which shows the "split" Pinega River near the village of Nikola. On the right bank Pinezhsky Mezenskogo-channel is the town Kovley.

The Bear - is the totem image of the Bio Army-Russ

I wonder how stable in the popular mind totemic images of ethnic groups. Until now, can not keep up with the image of the Russian bear. It is in this way often represent us in the West today. Leontiev and M. Leontiev proved that Bjormaland Norwegian and Swedish saga - is translated into Russian - "bear country." Indeed, bjorn, translated from Norwegian - a bear, and land - country. By the way, in the Russian language once upon a time the bear was called "ber", hence the word "den" - a den Ber. But the "ber" was an animal totem, on pronouncing his name with Bjarmians were taboo, and call it a must-have inoska necessarily, well, such as "in charge, where to look for honey" (= bear). The name "edges" of disuse because of the taboo imposed eventually forgotten, and allegorical name, however, stuck in the Russian language. From the old Russian bear the name of "ber" in the Russian language preserved the word "lair". But the Scandinavians as the name of the beast word "beurre" saved, along with the name of the country - «bjarmaland».

But in other languages bear called and called in other words. In Latin, for example, the word «ursus», in Avestan - «arso», the ancient Persian - «arsa». The Turks and the Russian today called the word "Urus" tune Latin name Bear - «ursus». So the name "Rus" must also display the name of the bear, but the language of the Arabs, the Turks or the Volga Bulgars, and not from the word "fair." Russ Uruses us or call our southern neighbors, and Bjarmians - Western neighbors. And how are we called themselves? One thing is clear: Biarm and Russia - it is one and the same people, including the families who worship the one totem - the sacred bear.

Russ began Bjarmia on the White Sea. First, on the shores of the White Sea was formed ethnic group of brave Russian sailors, which chronicles tell us about how Russian Varyag. Vikings-Rus subdued numerous scattered tribes Ves, Corel, Slovenian il-Maine's, Mary, Krivichy, and Kostroma and created a multi-ethnic state - North Russia. The process of the conversion of people of the different races in the super ethnos velikorosov accelerated by the adoption of Christianity. First Russian language was a means of international communication, but it gradually supplanted the tribal languages, although many ugrofinskih words passed into Russian, for example, the word "peace", which was included in the saying "to the world even to die." What kind of world is this?

This meeting or Chamber tribe Meri. Many familiar appeal to large crowds of people, "Well, the laity, we agree with it or not?" And a single religion - Christianity - further cemented by various tribes. Why the Russians from the White Sea were the leaders? Yes because they were sailors to survive in the North, they had to be friends, bold, adventurous, have been able to overcome long distances by ship. And for this purpose it was necessary to develop appropriate technologies, which, as we have seen, not bad owned Russian coast-dwellers. Vikings-rus are passionate were more than the tribes living in the south, which also helped to strengthen their influence in the vast North-Eastern Europe. I think that the coat of arms of Northern Russia became the image of two bears no accident - as did the totem animal. Pic. 15. Coat of Novgorod and Holmogor. Golden royal throne guarded by two bears, which may represent two close ethnic group - Russ and Tschudi. Two swords talk about militancy Bjarmians and trident symbolizes the trinity. Salmon in the blue water - a key resource Bjarmians.

Belomortsy – are the northern Russian - not just genes, but also his character different from the Russian provinces of southern Russia. Nobody denies that, that's just the reasons referred to is not entirely correct. Freedom-loving Northerners allegedly because the north was not serfdom. This is not the case. Monastic farmers were no better than the nobility, the prince and the boyars. Just do not let the nature of the northern rusicham too low bow masters. Tenacity and endurance of the northern Russian people are incredibly high. Where else so fervently defended their faith, first pagan and then Christian with Nikon's reform? Nowhere so many people for their faith did not burn in Northern Russia. So far, in the northern region of each have their "Gary" - a place where once it burned to conservatives, whether they themselves burned, locked in a church or a barn, persisting in a change of faith. Six years Solovetsky Monastery monks protested against the reforms of Nikon, locked behind the stone walls of the Solovetsky monastery.

Russians – are the people are inquisitive and intelligent, without this in the north just did not survive. It is no accident that the first Russian academician M.V. Lomonosov was born in Kholmogory. His character is quite typical for the Russian White Sea. I can not tell about one particular Russian coast-dwellers, which is a characteristic feature of the Russian people - the love of a joke. Russian joke about all their jokes are sometimes frivolous, sometimes deeply philosophic. The harshness of nature, the living conditions we compensate humor. Humor is born out of our optimism, humor is born out of our future. Lodyas go fishing in the sea. Mnogoparusnaya "Seagull" Lomonosovs overtakes all. Michael is at the stern and teases Lodeyshchikov, hands them ship rope end - here, they say, in tow will take. Lodeyshchikov swear, and Michael waved his cap: "Good-bye, no time to wait!" [28, 29]. Dvuhparusny ship coast-dwellers - dvuhparusny Koch - it's a great invention for Arctic waters. If such a ship hit the ice captivity, the ice did not get crushed and pushed upwards from the ship turned out to be on the ice.

The mystery of the North White Sea, in my opinion, is the Solovetsky fortress, which was built ostensibly Orthodox monks who entered here in the XV century. Solovetskaia fortress distribu- tion is put on the Big Solovetsky Island. The building of the fortress of the strong walls of rough stone temples and monumental buildings "Solovetsky chronicler" ascribes the monks. [30] But whether it is the strength you have enough time and energy? And why were such a powerful monastery walls? It might be hypothesized that it was originally a convent and not all, but a fortress, and it was built long before the Christianization of this region. And the monks and peasants under their leadership in XVII-XIX centuries spent here overhaul, have built on the fortress walls with brick, changed the configuration of buildings, made of brick towers and put them on the bulbous dome. Of course, many of the buildings of the monastery were rebuilt. But when and who built the walls of the fortress Solovetskaya?

It turns out that in the beginning of the XVI century, at Solovki was a pagan cult center. Reported by cartographer Anthony Wood. Map was published in the middle of the XVI century, but it reflected his wife earlier information, probably so was the state of the fortress before the arrival here of the Orthodox monks.

Pic. 16. It's a strange image is shown on the map Muscovy Anthony Wood [31]. If you believe it, then on the Solovetsky Islands in the middle of the XVI century, was a pagan cult center. I do not whether it belonged to the building of this Solovetsky Monastery?

The Solovetskaia fortress was built before the start of a new era. Of course, this version is not easy to accept, because we are so used to the legend of the fact that prior to the adoption of Christianity, our ancestors were wild wild barbarians. House of the Temple in Solovki built of hewn native stone, and hewed to a stone mason on the job to one of no less than 10 days. If you count the number of such stones, multiply it by 10 days, you can see how many people and time required performing such work. On the island there was not as many people or as much time. Our historians like to figure out how to build pyramids in the ancient Egypt, moving the idols of the Easter

Island, but are not interested in how to build a fortress on the Solovki. Orthodox monks have mastered and adapted to an existing monastery fortress built on Solovetsky Island pagans Russ. The stones of which is composed of the fortress wall Solovki, covered with yellow lichens of the genus Xantoria. In order for a population of lichen has captured such a large area, you will need much more time there than in Solovki Orthodox monastery. Judging by the size and species of lichens projective covering their surface, brickwork was done when the wall is made of stone has long existed. Bricks were laid space between the stone boulders in this way strengthened and leveled several already existing walls. In lichenology and geomorphology developed a method of determining the age of stone surfaces by measuring the diameter of the largest individuals of lichens. It would be very useful to use it for dating the construction of walls and other stone structures Solovetskaya fortress. This would allow checking our version of its antiquity. There are doubts on the dating of the building and Novodvinsk fortress, which is many times larger than the Solovki. You need to understand and how to obtain hybrid lying of boulders and bricks?

Finally, investigating the origin of the artifacts of the multinational Russian state, the transformation of the Great Russian Bjarmians, I would like to note that historically the facts must be sought not only in the chronicles, as they have ruled many times in favor of the dynasties and parties that came to power, for the sake of winning the priests of religions. How this is done, we can see in a generation. Heroes of the imperial Russia in the period from 1917 to 1989. have been either forgotten or debunked. In the 1931-1938 years. Bolsheviks overthrew the tsarist regime and won the civil war, perished in the camps - the so-revolution devours its own children. In the 1991-2008 years. Announced the heroes who were seen as enemies in a civil war. How many times in Russia, Russian radical changes occurred when changing religion, changed the royal dynasty ... And every time the story is reviewed and adjusted in favor of the winners. Change of paganism by Christianity transformed the ruses of the grandchildren in God's servants of God. All the "advanced and progressive" at this time, according to the church, of course, came from the south of the Byzantine Empire and from Kiev, consequently, the Russian state was formed from Kiev, the more that North Russia 200 years actively resisted Christianization. I am always surprised how sycophantic praise in the annals of the princes of the monks who have served and from which depended. Well, then there could be a "freedom of speech", and in the annals as much of the truth about the history of Russia, Russia, as a short course of the CPSU (b). However, some domestic historians naive infants repeated in the official history of all those stories about caring wise princes, many of whom were actually the fratricide, synoubiytsami, patricide, polygamists and libertines.

The official interpretation of the stories are many myths that do not have a sound basis, but they are so used, do not believe it is considered sacrilege. In my opinion, no other science is not politicized, as history. Changing socio-historical formation, and immediately rewritten history, the former villains become heroes, former heroes - the villains. Deity is Baba-Yaga, VI Lenin - the devil incarnate and the cause of all the ills Russia in the twentieth century, the traitor Mazepa - a national hero, etc. etc. Change of religion also leads to overturn history on its head. Proponents of the last religion suddenly become "unclean" and "savage." But to believe in the virgin birth and the turning of water into wine - it is not savagery, and progress. Faith in weeping and wandering through the fields and forests of the icon - is it progress, not savagery? Why should we believe in the fact that the death of the immortal Koshchey hidden in the needle - nonsense, and to believe in the resurrection of the dead - the truth? Not saying that everything in the official story is a lie, but the interest on the 50% official story - that's not true, but misleading or deliberate distortion.