Characteristic features of synonymy of non-idiomatic phraseologies on the material of English and Russian languages

It is known that the nature of the meaning of phraseologism is determined by the nature of the relationship of the value of the whole to the value of its components. From this point of view, in the two languages we use for comparison (English and Russian) , phraseological units of the type clearly stand out on the one hand:

English. to give a look

Russian. дать ответ

In the first case, the nature of the meaning of phraseological units is that the whole is the sum of the values of the constituent parts, and in the second case, the whole is produced, resulting from the merger of the values of its constituent parts. The different nature of the relationship, the meaning of the whole to the meaning of the component parts is determined by the degree of motivation and cohesion of the lexical components of each phraseologism or, otherwise speaking, by the peculiarities of the internal structure of phraseological units . And since the internal structure of phraseological units determines the nature of their meaning, a question arises about its influence on the synonymy of phraseological units.

The study of this issue requires, first of all, a differentiated approach to phraseology, i.e., its division into types according to the peculiarities of the internal structure, phraseological units, followed by the study of the nature of synonymy within each type separately. The set goal is completely satisfied by dividing phraseological units into only two groups, which can be called “non-idiomatic” and “idiomatic”.

All verbal phraseological units of the “verb + noun” type are included here , in which the noun appears in a nominative sense and is the semantic core of phraseologism, and the verb has a phraseologically connected meaning that can be either figurative:

Eng. to give a look

Russian. дать ответ.

The meanings of verb phraseology are motivated by anno and represents the sum of the meanings of their semantically divisible components: the nominative meaning and the phraseologically related meaning of the verb component.

The synonymy of non-ideological phraseological units is formed due to the semantic convergence of the corresponding lexical components, each of which, in view of their semantic divisibility, a special role belongs to the synonymy of phraseological units of this type.

Since the nominal component is the carrier of the pivotal meaning of non -ideological phraseological unit, the synonymity of such phraseological units is mainly determined by the commonality in meaning and can be expressed either in the synonymy of nouns or in the fact that the nominal components of phraseological units are the same nouns.

Speaking directly in non-ideological phraseologisms, synonymous nouns preserve their inherent differences and introduce them into the synonymy of the corresponding phraseologisms.

In the Russian language, the word rabies differs from its synonym rage in that it expresses such anger in which the subject does not speak with reason. The same difference characterizes synonyms-phraseological units:

Russian to become furious - to become furious. The semantic relations between the verb components of non-idiomatic phraseological units are more figurative.

When comparing the semantic relations of verbs in their nominative meaning with the semantic relations of the same verbs in phrases of eologically related meanings (we are talking about those phraseologically related meanings that the verbs acquire in the formation of stable verbal phrases with synonymous or the same nouns) it is found that their semantic rapprochement is a natural phenomenon.

In accordance with the peculiarities of its nominative meaning, which simply coarsens through a phraseologically connected phrase, each verb brings a shade into the synonymy of non-idiomatic   phraseological units, differentiating the concept common to synonyms.

In connection with the fact that ideographic glagoly- with inonimy in nominative meaning are semantic equivalents in the phrase ologicheski related, it is clear that the only different in their nominative zna cheniyu verbs are making a difference in the synonyms of phraseology. Consequently, the ideographic synonymy of non-idiomatic verbal phraseological units is formed:

• 1.    Combinations of synonymous nouns:

• a)    with the same verb:

Eng. take a decision - take a resolution

Russian. держать в секрете - держать в тайне.

• b)    with synonymous verbs:

English. throw a look - cast a glance

Russian. потерпеть ущерб - понести убытки.

• c)    with different verbs:

• 2.    The combination of the same nouns only with different meaning verbs:

English. make a bat - lay a wager

Russian. найти отклик – встретить сочувствие

Eng. give a look - throw a look

Russian. войти в доверие - втереться в доверие.

Differences between synonymous non-idiomatic verbal phraseological units are established similar to how the meaning of such phraseological unit is established: from the values from the corresponding components. They consist, firstly, in the differences that exist between synonymous nominal components, and secondly, in the differences introduced by the verb components.

Thus, the synonymy of non-idiomatic phraseological units is different: structural features and the ability to establish a distinction between the corresponding lexical components of phraseological units.

These distinctive features of synonymous and non-idiomatic phraseological units are determined by the nature of the meaning of the phraseologist of the isms of this type: semantic divisibility and motivation of their lexical components.

Some verbs that do not have a stylistic coloring in the nominative meaning can acquire it when certain phraseological-related meanings are formed.

For synonyms of idiomatic phraseological units, stylistic differences very often intertwine with semantic ones, as a result of which the synonymy of non-idiomatic verbal phraseological units is composed of three types of synonyms: ideographic , stylistic-ideographic and stylistic, which are the smallest.