Classification of stylistically labeled toponyms

Toponyms are a separate category of proper names that has special properties.

Firstly, since every toponym is a word on them, despite their semantic isolation, as well as on other lexical units, the so-called “principle of asymmetry of a linguistic sign” extends: the same meaning (a toponymic object in this case) can correlate with several denoting (toponyms and their equivalents), and vice versa, the same toponym can denote several different concepts.For example, the city of Chicago is associated not only with the name Chicago, but also with the colloquialism Chi, and with the toponymic rephrase of the Windy City. On the other hand, the toponym Oxford can mean not only the city in the upper Thames, but also the university located there (e.g. to live in Oxford - to study at Oxford), as well as the population, the university team, etc.

Secondly, as lexical units, toponyms can be contrasted not only with units of other layers of vocabulary (for example, as part of nouns - to other groups, as common nouns, or appellatives) but also to each other. Any proper name is necessarily associated with a common noun, which is called a parallel appeal. the relation “parallel appellative - proper name” in a sense resembles the relation “genus - species”.

Thirdly, as a proper name, the toponym is characterized by a closer, as compared with common nouns, connection with the named object. This has a direct impact on their linguistic characteristics.

Fourth, the toponym includes a significant cultural component. Analyzing vocabulary interpretations that accompany toponyms, it is possible to distinguish the following semes in the meanings of the latter:

• I.     seme of objectivity;

• II.    seme of singularity;

• III.   seme of correlation with the earth's surface;

• IV.    taxonomic sema;

• V.    Sema coordinates;

• VI.    potential semes.

The correlation "archisem - differentiating seme" in each case is determined by the composition of which particular vocabulary includes this or my toponym and which other vocabulary units are compared.

The archishem of singularity indicates that the toponym belongs to the class of proper names. Differentiating semes reflect the correlation of toponyms with inanimate objects, namely, with topographic objects occupying a certain part of the territory or water area. Potential semes can be considered as a means of reflection: extralinguistic data. Potential semes are the basis of the stylistic actualization of toponyms.

These characteristics include the extra-linguistic and linguistic parameters of the toponym as a linguistic unit, namely, the cultural-historical and national co-relevance of the toponym in refraction through its semantics. Toponyms have the ability to be used in a transitive sense, which, like their stylistic differentiation, reflects the asymmetry of toponyms as lexical units. There are metonymic and metaphorical hyphenations in the meaning of place names. Metonymic transfer is carried out according to several models (in this case, toponyms coexist together with two-component phrases equivalent to geographic proper names, and are completely replaceable):“Place - product” (toponyms usually lose their household name, because they lose this singularity);“Place is people” (transfer reflects regular polysemy);“Place -institution” (the meaning of the toponym narrows);“Place is a man” (a rethought place-name is used instead of an anthroponym for certain reasons; here, the rather frequent use of urbanonyms instead of anthroponyms - the names of characters associated with the corresponding streets) adjoins here; "Place -event" (the toponym is used to indicate the event associated with it)“Place is nationality” Typically, such toponyms can hardly be called stylistically marked, since they have lost their stylistic imagery, and in other cases, these meanings are reflected in explanatory dictionaries. For example: ... they sat down at a small table with a cruet-stand, a handbell, a bottle of Worcester sauce ... (J. Galsworthy)If Harris's eyes fill with tears, you can bet it is because Harris /.../ has put too much Worcester over his chop. (J.K. Jerome) Boston had been beaten by the White Sox. (J. Updike)... he looked forward to the moment when he would exhibit her in Park Lane, in Green Street, and at Timothy's. (J. Galsworthy) Toponyms have the ability to undergo metaphorical use (the phenomenon of toponymic antonomies) in fiction.

At the same time, assimilation of a different nature of both similar objects and objects belonging to different classes can occur. This allows us to distinguish between two types of metaphorical transfer of toponyms: Close antonomasia - one object is likened to another. Far antonomasia - a completely different order is likened to a topographic object.For example: Berlin is the European Chicago.