Comparative examination of phytochemical composition of Satureja L. in the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice

UDC 581.192.1, 581.192.2, 581.4                     

The main objective of the study was Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey. — Irrigation of wild mint and Satureja hortensis L. — Chromatographic detection of biologically active substances in fragrant (garden) wild mint species and identification of prospects for medical use.

Materials and Methods

The research work was carried out on Satureja hortensis L. — Fragrant field mint and Satureja macrantha C. A. May — Large-flowered field mint in an independent experimental field. Reproduction of studied species G. I. Zaytsev [1], morphological features of vegetative organs I. E. Serebryakov [2], growth and development dynamics were performed based on the methods proposed by A. A. Molchanov and V. Smirnov [3].

In our study, the species was propagated by stem division and burial method with good care. In order to carry out the work, 7-10 cm long sections were cut from fragrant and large-flowered wild mint plants that brought from the field in September-October. The cut sections were buried at a depth of 5-6 cm under greenhouse conditions and irrigation was carried out. From time to time, the air in the greenhouse was changed and heated as needed. In the 1st decade of April, the revived sections have already developed and reached a height of 11-12 cm. It has been found that slightly humus, sandy and gravelly soils are considered a favorable environment for the species. In shady conditions, the essential oil content of the leaves and branches of the plant decreases. The species is demanding of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. In our research, the leaves and stems of the studied species were analyzed by chromatography.

Discussion

Proper use of plant resources is one of the important issues for and sustainable use of biodiversity. Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey to conduct research in this direction. Wild rainbow mint and Satureja hortensis L. — It is important to study the current state of fragrant (garden) wild mint species, to identify ecological and anthropogenic transformations both theoretically and experimentally [1, 4, 5].

There is a great need for a broader study of biomorphological, ecological patterns of distribution, phytochemical composition, study of therapeutic, scientific, folk and traditional aspects of species belonging to this genus in the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. For this purpose, studies of species belonging to this genus were carried out. The names and systematic features of the species are given in accordance with the modern system (APG) [6].

Investigated Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey. — Large mint and Satureja hortensis L. — A detailed study of biologically active substances in fragrant (garden) wild mint species is considered very relevant for the further use of its substances, especially in scientific medicine.

It was from this point of view that these species were studied mainly according to the method of G. Serebryakov [2]. First of all, we will give brief information about the botanical features of these species.

Genus: Satureja L.

Satureja macrantha C. A. May. — Large-flowered field mint.

Large-flowered field mint is an annual plant. The stem is numerous, thin, woody at the base, simple or sparsely branched, and the height is 30-50 cm. The leaves are numerous, lobed, linear-glossy or oblong-glossy, blunt. Peony flowers have 1-3 flowers, are soft, and are collected in a spike flower group. The calyx is tubular-bell-shaped, 5 mm long, bilobed, with a bevel-shaped tooth 3 times shorter than the tube, and the lower 2 teeth are slightly longer. The corolla is 12-15 mm long, pink, long tubular, narrow, slightly longer than the calyx. The stamen is longer than the corolla. Hazel fruits are 1.5 mm long, egg-shaped and grayish in color (Figure 1). It blooms in June-August and bears fruit in July-September [7-9].

Spread in the forest and shrub regions of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, on rocky slopes and in areas up to the mid-mountain belt, both individually and as part of phytocenosis [9, 10].

Experimental part: Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey as an object of study — Iridescent wild mint and Satureja hortensis L. — Fragrant (horticultural) wild mint plants are dried and ground separately under standard conditions. Essential oil was obtained from plants by hydrodistillation (Ginsberg).

Results and their discussion

According to the results of chromatographic analysis, originally Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey. — The composition of mint iris flowers was analyzed in Crystal 2000 M gas chromatography. Morphological features of the vegetative organs of these species were carried out according to the method of I. G. Serebryakova [2]. The results of phytochemical analysis are shown in the following Table 1.

RESULTS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY OF Satureja macrantha SPECIES

Table 1

Time, minutes Detected component Area, % 8.712 α-Pinen 3.827 8.910 sabinene 0.073 9.497 β-Pinen 2.313 9.657 myrcene 0.146 9.727 3-carene 0.640 10.275 α-terpinene 1.212 10.439 1,8 cineole (eucalyptol) 2.452 11.018 β-ocimene 0.721 11.183 µ-terpinene 0.345 12.003 tetrahidro-2H-pyran 0.014 13.113 terpinolene 1.040 13.901 cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, cis- 0.027 14.147 linalool 0.140 14.531 caryophyllene 41.455 14.959 bromil acetate 0.034 15.027 terpinen-4-ol 0.095 15.287 citronellol 0.423 15.696 N,N-dimethyl acetamid 0.363 16.173 Estragole 0.327 16.239 α-terpineol 0.137 16.331 camphene 0.808 16.484 myrtenol 0.108 16.599 nerol 0.124 16.873 geraniol 0.108 16.983 camphor 0.028 17.239 citronellyl butyrate 0.040 18.199 geranyl oleate 0.143 19.597 neryl acetate 0.055 19.929 citronellyl tiglate 0.425 20.241 geranyl acetate 0.020 Satureja macrantha caryophyllene, vitamins C C. A. Mey. At least 0.014% tetrahydro-2H-pyran and 41.455% and E were present in large mint varieties. An excess of caryophyllene makes the body and immune system strengthen. At the same time, this substance makes the body resistant to disease.

Satureja hortensis L. Fragrant (Garden) field mint — is an annual plant, a species of the genus Satureja L. (Figure 2).

Figure 1. Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey.

Figure 2. Satureja hortensis L.

It grows on dry gravelly and stony slopes and rocks. It is grown for decorative purposes in gardens and gardens. It is 10-15 cm long, with a thin root, flat, almost cylindrical shape. The stem is 15-30 cm long, including the leaf, and is branched from the base. The branches consist of short and stiff hairs. The leaves are linear or lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm long. Wreath-shaped flowers are purple, light purple or pink in color. The fruit is a nut, naked and egg-shaped [9].

Blooms in July-October. Vegetable oil contains tannins and resins. The composition of essential oils varies with plant growth. During the maximum collection, the essential oil has a pungent odor reminiscent of the smell of thyme and is a light-yellow liquid. The oil contains 3042% hydrocarbons, n-symols and up to 40% triterpene hydrocarbons. This plant has a strong aroma, pleasant taste and spice. Fresh and dried leaves are used as a spice for pickling cucumbers and tomatoes, seasoning for food.

This plant is used in the preparation of legumes, mushrooms (except champignons), meat and potato salads, boiled fish, fried herring, soups, mayonnaise, minced meat, steaks, meatballs, sausages, fried potatoes, stews, cheeses, croutons and salted biscuits.

In the pharmaceutical industry, it is mainly used for the production of oils, medicinal teas and tinctures. In clinical studies, mountain mint is also used as an astringent for gastrointestinal diseases, as a strengthening bath for stomach cramps. In Bulgarian folk medicine, the ore is used as a diuretic, diaphoretic, remedy for tachycardia, migraine, appetite suppressant, antiseptic, bactericidal and antispasmodic.

The results of the chromatographic analysis of Satureja hortensis L. — aromatic (garden) species of wild mint are shown in the following Table 2.

Table 2

RESULTS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY OF Satureja hortensis SPECIES

Time, minutes	Detected component	Area, %
6.746	α-Pinen	0.098
7.433	β-Pinen	2.313
8.721	sabinene	0.074
10.854	carene 3	0.411
10.888	α-terpinene	0.036
11.045	1,8 cineole (eucalyptol)	0.281
13.557	µ-terpinene	0.389
13.822	tetrahidro-2H-pyran	0.020
14.765	terpinolene	0.073
14.876	cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, cis-	0.041
15.011	caryophyllene	6.797
15.098	terpinen-4-ol	0.073
15.324	bromil acetate	0.330
16.233	citronellol	0.070
16.367	Estragole	0.241
16.429	camphene	0.223
16.588	myrtenol	0.300
16.744	nerol	0.333
17.088	geraniol	0.260
17.564	camphor	0.035
18.362	citronellyl butyrate	0.014
19.777	α-terpinyl acetate	0.116
19.843	geranyl oleate	0.026
20.888	neryl acetate	0.009
20.991	citronellyl tiglate	0.007
20.998	cedrol	0.093
20.998	2-phenil ethyl tiglate	0.204

According to the results of the analysis of Satureja hortensis L. — Wild aromatic (garden) mint contains not less than 0.007% citronellyl tiglate and not more than 6.797% caryophyllene. The abundance of this substance helps to strengthen the body’s immunity and makes the body more resistant to disease.

In folk medicine, the infusion is used for fever, diseases of the liver, stomach and spleen (splenomegaly). Freshly squeezed juice mixed with alcohol is used for insomnia, as an antifungal, antibacterial and healing method. In Central Asian folk medicine, an infusion of flowers is used for ulcerative colitis, haemorrhoids, inflammatory processes in the appendix (appendicitis), bad breath, epilepsy and a number of other diseases. Prolonged use of this plant can cause anemia. Overdose causes hallucinations, nausea, vomiting and intestinal disorders. Mint mountain large is used for the prevention and treatment of varroatosis of bees. Both species are grown as ornamental garden plants. Both species enrich the atmosphere with oxygen, and all their organs are used in different forms in the treatment of various diseases [4, 7, 9].

Results

• 1 .    Satureja macrantha C. A. Mey. — At least 0.014% of tetrahydro-2H-pyran and not more than 41.455% of caryophyllene, vitamins C and E were found in varieties of large mint.

• 2.    Satureja hortensis L. — Fragrant (garden) wild mint contains not less than 0.007% citronellyl tiglate and not more than 6.797% caryophyllene. Caryophyllene, which is abundant in both types, strengthens the immune system. Thus, it makes the body resistant to diseases.

• 3.    In folk medicine, the infusion is used for fever, diseases of the liver, stomach and spleen, fresh juice is used for insomnia, as an antifungal, antibacterial and healing remedy. It is used for inflammatory bowel disease (appendicitis), bad breath and epilepsy.

• 4.    Both species are grown for decorative purposes.