Current status and taxonomical composition of the natural dendroflora of the Hirkan National Park

Автор: Huseynova Ainur

Журнал: Бюллетень науки и практики @bulletennauki

Рубрика: Биологические науки

Статья в выпуске: 6 т.9, 2023 года.

Бесплатный доступ

The current state of the natural dendroflora of the Hirkan National Park was analyzed, an inventory of natural and cultivated plant species was carried out, the impact of climate change on biodiversity, the taxonomic composition of trees and shrubs, dominant species, and the distribution areas of the studied plants were comprehensively studied. In the forest ecosystem of Hirkan National Park, the area where the plants live change in several directions. In the deep layers of the forest, the sun hits a small amount. The level of illumination depends on the composition, age, density and geometric dimensions of the trees and shrubs that make up the forest. Depending on the amount of light, more or less shade-tolerant species grow in the lower tiers of the forest. Hirkan National Park has undergone anthropogenic impact in recent years. The forest usually consists of 2-3 tiers.

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Flora, taxonomy, edificators, rare species, relict species, range, plant strata, climate

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/14128017

IDR: 14128017   |   DOI: 10.33619/2414-2948/91/07

Текст научной статьи Current status and taxonomical composition of the natural dendroflora of the Hirkan National Park

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice

In the flora of Hyrcanus, 1204 species of higher plants are known. There are 174 species of trees and shrubs in the Hirkan National Park, of which 36 species are relict and endemic. Hyrcanian flora mainly consists of Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Carpinus betulus L., Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Alnus barbata C. A. Mey., Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel, Diospyros lotus L., etc. A special place is occupied by tree species, many of which are relicts [9]. The average age of these trees is 120-150 years. In the forests of Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel, Diospyros lotus L., Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex Iljinsk. and so on. Albizia julibrissin Durazz., Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Gleditsia caspia Desf., various creepers (ivy species) are widespread. Species Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Carpinus betulus L. are the main edificators in Hyrcanian forests [5]. Evergreen plant species in these areas are Buxus hyrcana Pojark., Ilex hyrcana Pojark., Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow, Danae racemosa (L.) Moench. forms an undergrowth. Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow usually in the lowland and foothill zone, Danae racemosa (L.) Moench. mainly on riverbanks and wet ravines Ilex hyrcana Pojark. forms undergrowth in oak and beech forests. At the same time, endemic trees and various plants listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Azerbaijan are widespread in this area.

Material and methods

Vegetation in research Kh. M. Safarov [1], rare and endangered species T. S. Mamedov, E. O. Iskendarov [2, 3], distribution area of V. S. Farzaliev, E. S. Shukurov, G. M. Safarov [4], “Azerbaijani flora” and S. K. Cherepanov [5] were used to identify plants, the layers of V. Ch. Gadzhiev [6], climate P. P. Posokhov and K. S. Asadov [11], systems. APC. III-IV , endemic, relict species of G. F. Akhundov, I. S. Dzhafarova [7, 8] and literature materials [9] were used.

Analysis and Discussion

The flora of Hyrcanus is geographically rich in flora elements of different types of habitats. Here a special place is occupied by elements of plant groups of boreal and Mediterranean origin.

The territory of the Hirkan National Park has a humid subtropical character due to its natural climate.

The average annual rainfall is 1200–1600 mm. The maximum temperature is +40°C in summer and the minimum is +2–3°C in winter [10]. It is for this reason that this area is rich in elements with endemic and numerous relict vegetation dating back to the Tertiary period. More than 1200 species out of 4500 higher plants grow in the Hyrcanian forests, about 170 species out of 450 trees and shrubs distributed on the territory of the republic, of which 36 are relict and endemic species [7, 8].

The seasons influence the structure of the Hyrcanian flora and species richness, under the canopy of trees and shrubs, ephemeral plants flourish in early spring and bloom until the trees are covered with leaves. After the end of the growing season in summer, the aerial part of the ephemera dries up until the next spring. Usually, such plants are not found around conifers. Ephemerals cannot grow because they lack sunlight in a shaded garden.

Humidity and temperature regime of the Hirkan National Park varies depending on the evaporation of water by plants. Under mesa conditions, most of the water evaporates into the atmosphere through plant leaves. As a result, humid climate conditions are created. Disintegration of the earth’s surface at a high speed, the presence of steep slopes, climatic and water factors cause erosion processes here. Washing out of the soil after heavy rains can lead to the formation of heaps of stones and outcrop of rocks.

The main reason for the formation of layering in the Hyrcanian forest is light, heat, and humidity. Therefore, plants are located in the forest in several tiers. Ecological factors, soil, spelling, genetic factors play a key role in the formation of vegetation. A noticeable difference was observed in height, leaves and fruits of trees in tiers (Figure) [6; 12].

Figure. General view of the Hirkan National Park

On the territory of the Hirkan National Park, partial thinning and changes in area were recorded compared to previous years. The reasons for the reduction in plant areas are determined, the criteria for danger, biological characteristics, and the reasons for changing natural resources are investigated.

Although the territory of the Hirkan National Park is not very high in the vertical zone (up to 1000 m), as you climb the mountains from east to west, you can notice that the forests change in the vertical zone: in the lower part, mainly Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Carpinus betulus L., Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel, Diospyros lotus L., Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex Iljinsk . and so on. Forests dominated by Albizia julibrissin , Durazz., etc. are widespread [11].

With increasing height, mainly Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., partly Quercus castaneifolia C. A. May. decreases, they are replaced by Fagus orientalis Lipsky forests. In the forests of the National Park Dryopteris Adans., Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow, Buxus sempervirens subsp. hyrcana (Pojark.) Takht. Various creepers of the Lesser Caucasus, Ilex hyrcana Pojark., are widespread. The names of most of these plants are listed in the Red Book of Azerbaijan [10].

Hyrcanian flora is dominated by Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Carpinus betulus L.

Buxus hyrcana Pojark., Ilex hyrcana Pojark., Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow, Danae racemosa (L.) Moench, etc. were noted in the study areas. They form undergrowth. Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow usually in the lowland and foothill zone, Danae racemosa (L.) Moench. More common along riverbanks and in damp ravines, Ilex hyrcana Pojark., in oak and beech forests. Sometimes Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow, Carpinus betulus L., Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel, Acer campestre L. form a small range in river areas [4].

The vegetation cover of the banks of Khanbulanchay is not the same, despite the fact that they are at the same height. In the southern part of the Khanbulan River, the composition of vegetation is changing. Carpinus betulus L. Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., abundant, Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey. and relatively less the trees are almost completely covered with Hedera pastuchovii Woronow. In the Hyrcanian flora, Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow dominates among the plants forming the undergrowth in the lower layer. Parrotia persica (DC) C. A. Mey. the forest exists. Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. May in the forest. Young trees with straight trunks of a typical height of 25-28 m make up the majority. Forest edges usually contain Mespilus L., Crataegus Tourn. ex L., Prunus L., and in places blackberry bushes Ficus hyrcana Grossh., Punica L., Rosa L., Smilax L. and Periploca L. form an insurmountable barrier. Sometimes in eroded areas, around rocks, on very large areas along the edges of the forest, the genera Quercus L., Parrotia C. A. Mey., Carpinus L., Fagus L. dominate, evergreen shrubs in the forest: Ruscus hyrcanus, Ilex hyrcana, Danae racemosa evergreen undergrowth forms a tier [2, 3].

The shrub layer forming the undergrowth consists of Mespilus L., Crataegus Tourn. ex L., Prunus L., sometimes Cydonia oblonga Mill. consists of Hedera pastuchovii Woronow, Rubus raddeanus Focke, Periploca graeca L., Smilax excelsa L., Vitis sylvestris C. C. Gmel. were found throughout the territory where our studies were carried out. creepers can be found.

Taxonomic composition of plants APC. It is assigned according to the III-IV system (Table) .

Table TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION, LIFE FORM AND ORIGIN OF SOME PLANTS

OF THE HIRKAN NATIONAL PARK

Family

Genus

Species

Life form

Homeland

1

Fagaceae

Quercus L.

Quercus castaneifolia C.

A. Mey.

tree

Azerbaijan

2

Asparagaceae

Ruscus L.

Ruscus hyrcanus G. Woronow

shrub

Northern Iran, Europe, Caucasus

Danae Medik.

Danae racemosa (L.) Moench

shrub

Asia Minor, Caucasus

3

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex L.

Ilex hyrcana Pojark.

shrub

Lesser Caucasus

4

Hamamelidaceae

Parrotia C. A.

Mey.

Parrotia persica (DC.) C.

A. Mey.

tree

Azerbaijan

5

Fagaceae

Fagus L.

Fagus orientalis Lipsky

tree

Greater and Lesser

Caucasus

6

Castanea Mill.

Castanea sativa L.

tree

Southern Europe, Asia Minor,

7

Ulmaceae

Zelkova Spach

Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel

tree

Central, Southern China, Western Asia, Caucasus

8

Juglandaceae

Pterocarya Kunth.

Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex Iljinsk .

tree

Caucasus, Northern Iraq

9

Juglans L.

Juglans regia L.

tree

Iran, Afghanistan, China

10

Betulaceae

Alnus Mill

Alnus barbata C. A. Mey.

tree

Asia Minor, Caucasus

11

Rosaceae

Prunus L.

Prunus divaricata Ledeb.)

tree

Greater Caucasus

12

Cydonia Mill.

Cydonia oblonga Mill.

tree

Asia Minor, Caucasus

13

Crataegus L.

Crataegus Tourn. ex L.

shrub

North America, Europe

14

Mespilus L.

Mespilus germanica L.

tree

Southwest Asia, Southeast Europe

15

Sorbus L.

Sorbus boissieri C. K.

Schneid.

shrub

Asia Minor, Caucasus

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 9. №6. 2023

Family

Genus

Species

Life form

Homeland

16

Rubus L.

Rubus raddeanus Focke

shrub

Eastern Caucasus

17

Apocynaceae

Periploca L.

Periploca graeca L.

liana

Mediterranean countries

18

Smilacaceae

Smilax L.

Smilax excelsa L.

shrub

Asia, America

19

Araliaceae

Hedera L.

Hedera pastuchovii Woronow

liana

Greater Caucasus

20

Vitaceae

Vitis L.

Vitis sylvestris C. C. Gmel.

liana

West Europe

21

Ebenaceae

Diospyros L.

Diospyros lotus L.

tree

Caucasus, Asia

22

Betulaceae

Carpinus L.

Carpinus betulus L.

tree

South America

23

Buxaceae

Buxus L.

Buxus sempervirens subsp. hyrcana Takht.

shrub

Azerbaijan

24

Fabaceae

Albizia Durazz.

Albizia julibrissin Durazz.

tree

Iran, Turkey, SouthEastern Azerbaijan

Gleditsia J. Clayton

Gleditsia caspica Desf.

tree

Azerbaijan, Iran

25

Sapindaceae

Acer L.

Acer campestre L.

tree

Central America, South Asia

26

Acer velutinum Boiss.

tree

Azerbaijan, Iran.

27

Taxaceae

Taxus L.

Taxus baccata L.

tree

Europe, Africa

28

Tiliaceae

Tilia L.

Tilia caucasica Rupr.

tree

Caucasus, Crimea, Asia

Minor

Conclusion

An inventory of natural and cultivated plant species has been carried out, the impact of climate change on biodiversity, the taxonomic composition of trees and shrubs, dominant species, and distribution areas of the studied plants have been comprehensively studied.

The ranges of most species in the Hirkan National Park have changed compared to previous years, and some plant species have multiplied, and the gene pool of some of them has been threatened. The forest usually consists of 2-3 layers: the first layer is Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Carpinus betulus L., Populus hyrcana Grossh. comprises. Second layer — Parrotia persica (DC.) C.A. Mey., Acer velutinum Boiss., Ulmus minor Mill. etc. consists of species. In the third layer, Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex Iljinsk., in some places Alnus barbata C. A. Mey. prevails.

Species Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Carpinus betulus L. are the main edificators in Hyrcanian forests. In these areas, the evergreen plant species Buxus hyrcana , Ilex hyrcana , Ruscus hyrcanus and Danae racemosa form the undergrowth. Ruscus hyrcanus usually forms undergrowth in lowlands and foothills, Danae racemosa more often on riverbanks and damp ravines, and Ilex hyrcana in oak and beech forests.

As a result of the monitoring, the taxonomic composition of the tree and shrub flora of Hyrcanus was studied, from 54 species of tree and shrub plants belonging to 21 genera, for 28 seasons at different stages of plant development.

Список литературы Current status and taxonomical composition of the natural dendroflora of the Hirkan National Park

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