Demographical Transformation of Great Britain

Birth and death rates have traditionally been a key indicator of the social development of a state. In XXI century, the demographic problem has become a national project in Russia.

The predominance of mortality over fertility, a decrease in the number population forced the Russian government to take a fresh look at solution of social problems at the local and state level.

A similar situation was part of the history of Victorian cities. and the object of social policy of the British government in XIX century. The main causes of mortality in the population studied in the works of historians, sociologists and demographers. In the era Queen Victoria, the problem of fertility and mortality became the object of regular social research at the local and state level. In addition, this social problem has become a vector studies of regular population censuses and reports of the Office General Registrar [1]. The demographic transformation of the UK is a consequence industrialization and urbanization. The key problem of modern scientific research is to determine the main factors, causing population growth unprecedented in history. What was there an increase in the population of England and Wales in the 18th and 19th centuries? Answer to the question posed is partly given by the study of J. Chambers [2. P. 10]:

Table 1

Population growth in the 18th century (in %)

England and Wales	1701 - 1801	0.45
Italy	1700 - 1800	0.45
France	1700 - 1789	0.31
Austria	1754 - 1789	0.94
France	1740 - 1789	0.45

Thus, despite the fact that the statistical documents, previous regular censuses of the 19th century, were incomplete and approximate, nevertheless, it is obvious that in the 18th century the growth population in England and Wales, as in all of Europe, was minimal - no more than 1% per century. Prior to industrial civilization growth population was not a characteristic feature of the development of Europe and Britain. Only in the 19th century, during the industrial revolution and urbanization, it became a new special feature originally of England and Wales, and then all those countries where the industrial coup. In the 19th century, industrial innovations in England and Wales led to a population increase of approximately 100% between 1801 and 1851, and almost 250% - in 1801 - 1891. According to the first "Report of a select committee appointed to investigate circumstances affecting the health of residents of large cities and towns", in In 1801-1833, the population of the largest industrial centers almost doubled [3. P. 187]:

Table 2: Population growth in 1801 - 1833 (in %)

Manchester	109
Glasgow	108
Birmingham	73
Leeds	99
Liverpool	one hundred

The demographic transformation of the UK has decreased at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. During the reign of Queen Victoria, the population approximately doubled . In 1901, the census officially recorded the figure - 77% of the population living in cities. There were 36 million people living in Great Britain in 1901. human. The determining factor in the population explosion in the UK is urbanization and an increase in the birth rate of the population in cities. According to J. Walvin, the rise in the birth rate was approximately 70% [4]. In addition, urban population growth has exceeded the growth of the rural population. A particularly obvious population explosion became in the industrial regions. What was the age of the creators of the power of the United Kingdom and what is the duration of their life? In our opinion, the answer to this question reflects the attitude of any state towards the inhabitants their country, the social conditions of their daily life and work, and the health of the nation. We find striking facts in the study of J. Chambers [5. 213. P. 121]:

Thus, it can be seen that most of the population of England and Wales (64.7%) in the initial period of the industrial revolution and urbanization was about 30 years old.

In 1839 almost half of the workers were under the age of 18. Adult men - 23%, that is, less than a quarter of the total workers. All these data became the subject of discussion in Parliament in House of Commons on March 15, 1844 [6. C. 373]. S. Pollard stated that in the second half of the 19th century in Sheffield, the majority of residents were between the ages of 10 and 45 [7. P. 211]. The report of the Chief Registrar for 1841 indicated that the average life expectancy in London - 37 years, in Liverpool - 26 years, in Surrey - 45 years. Level mortality in overcrowded urban areas such as Whitechapel, Shoreditch, Bermondsley is twice as high as among the middle class in London [8.P.44]. In England, the age of the dead in the 1750s was 35, and by the 1850s it had increased to 40 years [9.P.230]. Yu. Kuchinsky on the basis of the report of 1842 on the situation of workers in mines wrote that at 40 the workers were decrepit old men [10.C.73]. According to the "Journal of the Statistical Society" in 1840 year it was rare to meet a miner at the age of 34 [11.P.226]. Accidents at work, poor nutrition, occupational and epidemic diseases, unhealthy working and living conditions - all this shortened the life of the townspeople. The report of the "Commission for Surveying the State of Large Cities and Densely Populated Areas" noted high mortality on the streets and in unsanitary houses. condition, and lower -on the comfortable streets of cities [12.

P. 163]. F. Engels stated that parliamentary reports can find a lot of facts confirming the low duration life of the workers of Britain, and called this phenomenon "the annual extermination of the nation", "social murder" [13.C.341].

"Sanitary Report 1842" summed up the consequences of the industrial revolution in the first half of the 19th century. The report summarized statistics on the urban conditions of English life by the early 1840s.

The document provided a summary of deaths for England and Wales, containing the most complete data at that time. E. Chadwick wrote: “Annual losses from preventable causes of typhoid fever, which affects people in the prime of life, are twice the losses inflicted by the combined forces at the Battle of Waterloo. In the first half of the 19th century, the average life expectancy in England and Wales was 45 years, which is 13 years lower than in Sweden. [14.P.29, 370]. E. Chadwick's report proved high mortality rate in the country, especially in the cities and industrial areas of London, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds,  etc. Despite the phenomenal growth of cities, the death rate population in 1849 averaged 24-25 people per thousand inhabitants of Britain. In the late 1860s, the death rate dropped to 17-18 per thousand people. "Edinburgh Review", referring to the official survey, reported in 1850 that mortality in the eastern regions London, where the working population lived, is 2 times higher than the death rate in the western part of the city, populated mainly by wealthy people [15.P.385]. Comparing these data with the materials of E. Chadwick, it becomes, it is obvious that the difference between the mortality rate of the rich and the working part of society was still great in the middle of the 19th century. Economic and the political power of Foggy Albion was created at the expense of young and rapidly dying part of the urban population for the long-lived. For comparison, it must be pointed out that in the United States in 1890 the death rate among the urban segment was 22.15 per 1,000 people. However, in New York, the death rate was significantly higher. and amounted to 24.61 per 1000 people. The mortality rate among the rural population of the United States was respectively 15.34. Average level mortality in 28 large US cities in 1890 was ~ 17~ approximately 23.28, and in cities with a population of about 100,000 people or more - 21.62. According to A. Weber, life expectancy in the United States at the end of the 19th century was approximately in Massachusetts - 41.9, and in Boston - 34.89 years, while in Prussia 426 out of 1,000 people lived to be 50 years old. In France life expectancy was approximately 42 years, but in Paris the life expectancy of the townspeople was only about 28 years. The duration of the rural population of the Netherlands was 38.12 years, and the urban population was only 30.3 years [16.P.87].

The death rate in Manchester in 1891 was 26 per 1000 people, and at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries 22.6. This figure is among of all large cities in England and Wales , a was significantly higher, in Liverpool - 23.2 per 1000 people.

Aggregate mortality data can be presented in the following table:

Table 3:

Mortality rates in UK cities at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries (per 1000 people)

Liverpool	23.2
Manchester	22.6
Glasgow	21.0
Newcastle	20.9
Birmingham	20.2
Sheffield	19.6
Leeds	18.7
London	18.2
Bradford	17.7

At the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, the average mortality rate in large cities of Great Britain decreased, but exceeded the same indicators in the cities of Europe and the USA [17. P.946]:

Table 4: Average mortality rates in world cities in 1895 -1904 (per 1000 people) No. City

St. Petersburg _	25.9
Liverpool	23.2
Manchester	22.6
Newcastle	20.9
Birmingham	20.2
New York _ _	20.2
Vein	20.0
Paris	19.2
Rome	19.1
London	18.2
Berlin	17.8
Brussels	2 16.7

Thus, it is obvious that St. Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century, overtook most of the capitals of the world in terms of the average level of mortality. The industrial centers of Great Britain were somewhat reduced, but still retained their relative Relatively high mortality rate in comparison with London and other capitals of the world. A striking contradiction is obtained in the history of Great Britain. On the one hand, the really high mortality rate, "annual extermination of the nation", and on the other hand - a tremendous growth population - population explosion. [eighteen. P. 105]:

Table 6. Death and birth rates in England (1751 -1830)

years Level mortality	1751 1780 1751 1780	1781 1800 1781 1800	1801-1830 1801-1830
	30.4	27.7	22.5
Level fertility	37.2	37.5	36.9

Statistics show that population growth determined by the fact that the birth rate exceeded the death rate. Level mortality was quite high. But parliamentary documents state that the majority of working-class families at that time numbered up to eight - ten children [19.P.252].

Undoubtedly, Queen Victoria herself showed her subjects a personal example of motherhood. This especially brought the queen closer to her subjects. Within 18 years, the queen gave birth to nine children. Victoria was infinitely happy in those moments when her beloved husband entered her room the morning after giving birth with a tiny baby on hands. Of the nine children of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, none did not die in infancy or at birth. The queen possessed indestructible health and had the most experienced doctors and midwives. Thus, the industrial revolution and urbanization led to an increase in mortality. However, on the other hand, the undeniable population growth and population explosion became a constant. fertility exceeded the death rate. Before the start of industrial civilization population growth was not a characteristic feature of the development of Europe and Britain, becoming in the nineteenth century. a feature originally of England and Wales, and then all countries where the industrial revolution and urbanization took place. 64.7% of the population of England and Wales at the beginning of the XIX century. was about the age 30 years. At 40, the workers were decrepit old men. Numerous accidents at work, poor nutrition, occupational and epidemic diseases, unhealthy working and living conditions - all this shortened the life of the townspeople, becoming "social murder". High mortality existed on unsanitary streets, and lower mortality on well-maintained city streets. In the first half of the 19th century average life expectancy in England and Wales was determined at age 45, which is 13 years lower than in Sweden. "Annual extermination of the nation" became a characteristic feature of the capital and industrial regions. The difference between the death rate of the rich and the working part society was still great in the middle of the XIX century. Economic and the political power of Foggy Albion was created at the expense of young and the rapidly dying part of the urban population for the long-lived. At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. average death rate in large cities Great Britain decreased, but exceeded the same indicators in the cities of Europe and the USA. Capital of the Russian Empire (St. Petersburg) at the end of the 19th century. overtook most of the capitals of the world in terms of average mortality. Population growth was determined by the fact that the birth rate exceeded the death rate. An example of motherhood was shown to her subjects by Queen Victoria herself .