Development of the provincial press on the Arkhan-gelsk north in the reform period

The analysis of the articles published since the founding in 1838 of the Arkhangelsk "Vedomosti", shows that in a periodical, in spite of their official character, reflected the life of the northern region in all its diversity. Their number, given that some of them were printed with the continuation of several rooms, you can count more than seven hundred. The basis of some publications were already on the studies of the authors (most of them were active members of the Regional Committee), devoted to the study of the Archangel of the North, its exploration and development. A special role in the assigned official periodicals in the nineteenth century presented in two editions -"Archangel province news" and has been published since 1885 "Archangel Diocesan News" (from 1888 - "Arkhangelsk Diocesan Gazette"). However, apart from the government periodicals in the post-reform period of its existence has declared the press, which for a long time or suppressed all these years of it was mentioned in passing.

The appearance in the sixties and seventies of the nineteenth century, to a certain extent independent from the government provincial press can be attributed to several factors. First, the revival of life in the Russian province affected across the country began reforms that affected the economic and the social spheres. Second, it was at this time making its way a market economy, albeit to a much lesser extent, but it made itself felt. Third, the possibility of "Vedomosti", with the former volume, periodicity - once a week - not allowed covering all aspects of the changing life of the Northern Province. It is necessary to note one more feature of the Arkhangelsk North: remarkable activity of Regional Committee, many of whom are political exiles, played a role in the formation of an independent press.

The publication of new newspapers did not prevent even the government policy on the press, which was based on the fact that an autocratic form of government is incompatible with its freedom. The most progressive forces found a way out of the situation. This can be seen not only in the center but at the periphery. In 1862, anti-government circle Archangel different ranks of intellectuals attempted to publish a manuscript version of the newspaper "Bellflower," which echoed the ideas of London's "The Bells." Put it in the article were directed against the tyranny of the local authorities. Altogether four issues of the newspaper. In the spring of a secret society of freethinkers were repressed and the edition "Bellflower" was dropped. The anti-government activities progressive youth, as noted by the famous historian of the European North of GG Frumenkov, grouped around a handwritten newspaper "outrageous content" was a manifestation of the general rise of the growing movement in the country [1, p. 227-243].

The government was concerned that independent journalism raise the issue of the country's transition to parliamentary government. So, feeling powerless, it is considered that the need to provide the media "assumption of a regulated public" [2, p. 15]. This also affected, albeit to a much lesser extent, the province-Hoc printing. However, some relief in respect of it all has been done. In particular, the "Arkhangelsk province news" received from the Ministry of the Interior to permit the publication of the newspaper "Archangel Policeman sheet." Revision of "Vedomosti", telling them, explained to the reader, for what purpose undertaken a new newspaper. They wrote: "Leaf" will encompass the actual current events, it is the holidays, solemn church services, news about the need for the supply of commercial offices, on holiday goods, they were brought and taken with an indication of the trade exchange and retail prices for the products of incidents of untimely deaths, about unusual cases, private messages, addresses, out of apartments, loss, offers services for guests and those who left, orders superiors concerning urban residents and urban beautification

1 .

Not content with this explanation, "Vedomosti" released June 28, 1862 a trial issue, "leaflets". Got it without paying any fees for this, not only provincial newspaper subscribers, but most residents of Arkhangelsk and Solombala. Two months later, when the subscriber has enough to start publishing the newspaper, I saw the first issue. He was released on September 1862.

Till our days did not get a single copy of "Archangel policeman sheet." According to A. Popov, in 1862, published 122 issues of the paper [3, p. 4]. He not only points to this number, but the results are some excerpts from the new edition. Already in the first issue of the "Leaf" reports the news yesterday that distinguished him at the time of unprecedented speed. In particular, the newspaper informs that on August 31 to the pier of the Great Archangel Ustiuga came steamer North Dvina Steamship Company with 33 passengers and one barge with load delivered 1,300 pounds of rye flour, candle wax - 40 pounds, stevrinovyh - 2 pounds, Tea - 3 pounds, flax - 35 pounds, as well as a large batch of goods shubnogo. On the same day came from the upper reaches of the Northern Dvina two shuyaka with cargo. Under the heading of "Incidents" placed a note

1 Архангельские губернские ведомости. – 1862. - № 29.

that in nenokskogo tradesman Procopius Surovceva stolen different dresses in the amount of 24 rubles. Here you can also read about the damage the storm two river sailboat belonging to peasants province: State - County Pinezhskiy Michael Shekhurin and specific - Shenkursky County Stepan Nechayev loss followed by 40 rubles [3, c. 4, 10]. In the first issue printed instructions of the authorities, ad.

This is not a complete list of publications, which is reflected in the new edition, gives reason to believe that the need for the printed word has been, and every year it grew. Given the importance of Arkhangelsk as the largest at the time in the European North of the city, in which the "Leaf" was distributed, which is also the provincial center and also the most northern port of Russia, it can be assumed that he wore to a certain extent the social and commercial nature . This is evidenced by the fact that the subscription was made on him in the provincial government, and even in the two - urban and Solombala - Police parts of Arkhangelsk. Here you could buy a newspaper and retail.

Assessing the publication of "Archangel policeman sheet," researcher journalism northern edge of the pre-revolutionary period, AN Popov gives them such a characterization, "printed in the newspaper stuff looked like a chronicle. Part of it, in the form of reports this week, borrowed from the provincial "Vedomosti" [3, p. 10]. This can be explained by the fact that both the provincial periodicals preparing a revision. The difference was only that "Arkhangelsk province news" still continued to be issued once a week, and "Archangel Policeman leaf" - daily, including weekends. Thus, as confirmed by the figures, in 1863, saw the light of 362 rooms, 1864 - 364, in 1865 - 362, in 1866, the year - 360 rooms [3]. Income (annual set of newspaper cost 2 rubles 25 kopecks) does not cover the costs of publication of the newspaper. The losses were offset revenues received provincial house, which ultimately affected the treasury. The requested from St. Petersburg report put an end to the history of the "Archangel policeman sheet": since 1867, the newspaper ceased to exist.

The need for "a piece of a policeman Archangel" has disappeared and more due to the fact that from the first April 1867 "Arkhangelsk province news" began to be printed is not alone, as all have passed since the time of the founding of the newspaper, and two times a week. This is a proposal made at the time by the Secretary Statistics Committee, at the same time was the editor of the informal part of the newspaper PP Chubinskoe was supported Arkhangelsk Governor SP Gagarin and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire. We now have the opportunity to use the version of the material from other sources. Provincial newspapers entitled "reprint of all existing official publications of political news, as well as borrow from them articles on the subjects of foreign policy and internal management." To do this, the paper had a significant newspaper space.

The increasing flow of information, including local, forced the editors to expand the informal part of the newspaper in defiance of the government program. This could not but cause concern of the Ministry of the Interior, which will undertake to monitor not only the capital, but also the provincial seal. The structure of this department has established a special unit - the General Admin- istration of Press. In one of its circulars dated March 24, 1865, it had to specify the heads of provinces, "the need to strictly observe that in the informal part of the province news not shied away from the program and not be like the private publications. Governors and vice-governors were ordered to personally monitor the informal part of the Provincial Gazette, keeping them in the right track "2.

Meanwhile, private publications, already were facing a number of the major provinces of the Russian Empire, and make their way in the European North. The first and the rest, unfortunately, the only such newspaper in the nineteenth century, which received the right to produce, were the "Archangel sheet references and ads." Even the name itself says that it intends to stick to a commercial orientation. Publisher and editor of the "leaflets" became a merchant of the second guild, owner of a local print shop Artemyevitch Vasily Cherepanov, who made a lot for the development of the printing business in the province. A native of the Vyatka province, a native of farmers, their way into the business he paved, starting to trade. But soon the interest shown by printing, opening in 1871, the first in the North private lithographic printing. On the basis of her later, in the early twentieth century, many non-governmental printed newspaper belonging to the different socio-political parties and movements, and express their ideology. The idea of publishing a newspaper, VA Cherepanov prompted exile NV Albertini, who is serving a sentence at a time in the Northern Territory. Taking advantage of his offer, Basil Artemyevitch addressed to the General Administration of Press MIA "with a petition and what is permitted to issue under his editorship of the newspaper" Arkhangelsk piece of information and announcements "3. Resolution, however, was given to him immediately, despite the stated theme, wearing basically economic in nature: print calendar, stock, trading and fishing news and announcements. It took the consent of the Arkhangelsk province government's appeal regarding reliability. It was obtained.

In 1874 came a few numbers "Archangel leaf certificates and declarations." Circulation it was small, it does not pay off all the expenses that have to bear VA Cherepanov to release his private papers. Soon after its publication, just for this reason, has been discontinued. This is despite the fact that the market economy in the European North, as well as across the country, has gained momentum. Thus, the number of enterprises in 1875 compared to 1850 increased from 324 to 1355, including saw mills, the backbone of the economy - from 3 to 12, and half of them were in the provincial center and the other - in the counties targeted mostly they were sawn. Has developed extraction of tar, processing of the agricultural products, the growth of which is also noted [4, p. 37]. The economy of the European North has not worked for the internal needs of the Arkhangelsk region in the mid-nineteenth century, when the "successes factory production fell behind in the Arkhangelsk region on the spread and improvement of what they have achieved, not only in the capital but also in the interior provinces of the Russian Empire"4.

By itself, this fact could not cause a need for a publication which, at first glance, should find its place in the evolving life of a provincial society. But the reason was that the economy slowed lack of transportation routes that linked Europe to the North with the rest of the Russian Empire. One railroad running from Vologda (she got a reliable and regular communication with the capital cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1872) to Arkhangelsk, was put into operation only in 1897. Other - Perm-Kotlas railway - in 1899. And until that time, the value of the commercial port of Arkhangelsk, as a major transportation hub in the European North, always fell. For more than twenty years on the northern rivers and, above all, on its main thoroughfare - the Northern Dvina - did not support shipping. Only February 16, 1887 was established to improve the management of works of the port of Archangel. Through dredging, it in no time bringing the state of the shipping channels to the design depth, allowing the ships having a higher load capacity, free to approach the port with a draft of 22 feet. In the late nineteenth and especially in the early twentieth century, increasing the value of trade, and with it, is still a large market economy. Many commercial paper (current prototypes newspaper advertising), began to appear around the country is in a period of rapid onset of capitalism.

It should be noted that in the nineteenth century, a similar appeal to the General Administration of Press of Ministry of Internal Affairs, which would request to give consent to the release of the private newspaper, was not the only one. In 1884, the tradesman Yakov Ivanovich Ludmer, known in Arkhangelsk circles as an honorary citizen of the city of Arkhangelsk, member of the Arkhangelsk Regional Committee, acting as its Secretary, appealed to the Ministry of Interior for permission to publish, three times a week under his editorship of the social and literary newspaper "Northern Territory". By submitting this request, he decided to enlist the help of pre-resident at the time in St. Petersburg, the former Arkhangelsk Governor Nikolai Alexandrovich Katchalov, at one time, from 1869 to 1871, led the province5.

Former Governor to refuse the request could not, knowing YI Ludmera (despite the fact that he was in the North as a political exile) as an active person, trustworthy, has done a lot for the development of the Northern Territory.

The need for a new periodical, it should be noted, was caused not only insight into the author's treatment of the Ministry of the Interior. During this period, the situation begins to take shape, contributing to the expansion of economic relations not only within the country but also with other countries. To some extent, a certain effect imposed the approaching 300th anniversary of the founding of Arkhangelsk, the first widely noted in the province. Therefore, the mere fact (though not held) associated with the need to issue independent of the government newspaper, indicates that the demand in the press at that time already had, and it was dictated by necessity.

Having considered the petition YI Ludmera, the Ministry of the Interior submitted a formal request to the Governor of the Arkhangelsk province KI Pascenco, who in his reply the idea of another newspaper, not rejected, however, by making a reservation that the newspaper "Northern Territory" and "would be useful for Olonetskaya, Vologda, Perm and Vyatka provinces with common economic interests with us." Expanding the boundaries of the spread of a new periodical, he argued that, first, the metropolitan press is deprived of many opportunities to illuminate the life of the province in its diversity, and secondly, the presence of a press agency, calculated for several provinces at the same time, allowed to concentrate literary forces , which would have given the shortage of the journalists of the great importance.

The idea, proposed in his time YI Ludmerom eventually yet been realized. In 1898, the newspaper "Northern Territory" was released, but not here in Archangel, and in another province - Yaroslavl. It was a great daily publication, which was distributed throughout the north-west of the country. Its recipients were also Vladimir, Vyatka, Kostroma, Tver province. Revision was interested in attracting readers from all over the European part of the Russian Empire. Regularly published in the "Arkhangelsk province news" reports about signing up for the coming period, it offered to everyone pre-acquainted with the newspaper, "to give her for a week in the expulsion of fourteen cents. It should be noted from the payment for the shipment exempted village priests, the teachers of public schools, county clerks and students of higher educational institutions»6. Such relief was not accidental. That they have a special role to play in education, incurring knowledge to the masses of society.

Thus, the provincial seal, in spite of the existing one in the nineteenth anniversary of restrictions imposed by the autocratic power in respect of periodicals, gradually working its way to the reader. The initiative, as the analysis of newspapers, it came from the field. This was due, above all, the need of the society, which is interested in the socio-economic development of the periphery. Special mission in this case it is pinned to periodicals, as the most important institution that can have an impact on the progress of reforms in life.