Distance learning in Russia: basic concepts

The study analyzes the main concepts of Russian scientists that reflect the problem of distance learning at universities and schools of the country. The positivist direction is represented by the concepts of technological, epistemological and anthropological determinism, representatives of which see the advantages of distance learning in the corresponding areas. The negativist trend reflects the views of participants in the educational process, who initially deny online learning, analyzing its harmful impact on the subject and object of educational activities of schools and universities in the country in terms of technological, socio-psychological and cognitive aspects. The dialectical direction expresses the borderline position of its supporters, which is framed in the following variants: dialectical optimism, dialectical pessimism and the technical-axiological concept. Each of these directions is accompanied by critical author's comments expressing the author's vision of the analyzed scientific problem.