Spiritual and moral values of a person in Russian society in XX-XXI centuries: comparative analysis

Introduction. Values determine the direction of development of society, its strategic goals and public policy. The successful functioning and development of the state is possible when its traditional values are taken into account. In Russia in the XX-XXI centuries several times radically changed value paradigm. The strategic development of modern Russian society at a time when the interests, values and needs new to the Russian mentality come into conflict with the traditions, norms and rules established for centuries, requires a competent, scientifically sound approach to the system of formation of a person capable of bringing the country to the forefront in the period of globalization, hierarchy and fragmentation, resolving internal and external contradictions. In order to preserve the continuity of values from era to era, it is important to understand what the traditional basic values of Russian society are, how they evolved during the transition from one era to another, whether spiritual and moral values are a priority for Russians today. The purpose of the article is to identify and compare the priority values in different periods of development of Russian society - Imperial, Soviet and post-Soviet. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary, personal-activity and philosophical approaches. The analysis of values used the results of studies of various sciences: philosophy, psychology, sociology, and economics. Methods of practical research of values were: questionnaire survey, content analysis of documents. Results. On the basis of the conducted socio-philosophical analysis of scientific literature and documents of the Imperial, Soviet, post-Soviet periods, as well as sociological research of values and goals of young people, the basic values of the individual of different stages of development of Russian society are identified, their continuity is traced, a new constructive look at the changes in the value sphere during the changing epochs is proposed. Discussion and Conclusions. The transformation of values from epoch to epoch has an evolutionary character. Christian precepts and community of the Imperial period in the Soviet period were transformed into socialist values which in the post-Soviet period underwent destruction. In the modern public consciousness there is an awareness of the importance of the revival of spiritual and moral values, there is an expansion of their content, taking into account the changing conditions of domestic and world dynamics of development. Along with spiritual and moral values, family values form the basis of the Russian mentality. The importance of the family, despite the change in its form from community to personal family, did not weaken even in critical periods of national history. For the formation of a person capable of being successful in various spheres of life, to become the driving force of future world achievements, it is necessary to improve the system of national education: to put traditional spiritual and moral values in its basis and to add values aimed at the realization of the potential of the individual.