Pharmaceutical industry in India: from clusters to an ecosystem and cooperation with Russia

India’s pharmaceutical industry plays a key role in the global economy, taking a leading position in the production of generics, vaccines and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The article examines the evolution of the Indian pharmaceutical industry through the prism of M. Porter’s “flying geese” and competitive diamond models, as well as analyzes the transition from a cluster to an ecosystem model of development. Special attention is paid to the impact of the patent reforms of 2005, key challenges to economic security and prospects for Russian-Indian cooperation in the field of pharmaceuticals. The authors propose mechanisms for harmonizing the interests of Russia and India in order to ensure the sustainability of pharmaceutical supply chains, localization of API production and joint R&D developments.