Features of state regulation of economy with the use of the system of special economic zones

Creating SEZ is considered as an important link in the implementation of the principles of open economy. Openness to the world market makes special economic zones attractive for multinational companies who are considering SEZ as profitable economic structures and associate with them important directions of their business expansion. The economy of SEZ has a high degree of openness to the outside world and alos customs, tax and investment regime favorable to foreign and domestic investments. Forming an open economy, SEZ are the kind of testing ground on which global scientific and technological achievements, modern methods of economic management, foreign capital, modern equipment and technologys are apllied. By having a special regime of foreign economic activity, the state solves such problems as increasing the competitiveness of domestic production, increase in foreign exchange inflows from both the exports of goods and services, and in the form of foreign investment, accelerated development of new products and services. The positive impact of SEZ on the economy is seen when the number and the size of the zones reaches a certain critical mass, and the national economy and national law - a measure of stability. If the legal and economic system is not stable, the impact of the SEZ can be multidirectional.

In industrialized countries, SEZ were created for the implementation of regional policy aimed at revitalizing small and medium-sized businesses in depressed areas. In countries with developed market economies SEZ created in stagnant areas that are suffering from unemployment, with poor infrastructure.

Having SEZ helps national companies to reach foreign markets and also increasing the profitability of foreign trade and related operations. In developing countries, they are oriented to the external market, as through increasing exports, these countries solve the problems of improvement regarding the national economy.

Thus, through the creation of free economic zones, the states are trying to solve a variety of problems. In summary form, they can be reduced to the following objectives:

• 7.    Increasing in the inflow of foreign productive capital;

• 8.    Stimulating technological development, accelerating innovation and deployment processes;

• 9.    Providing the growth of the country's income in freely convertible currency, the expansion of exports of finished products, rationalization of import;

• 10.    stimulating the development of regions;

• 11.  reducing unemployment;

• 12.   import substitution;

• 13.   development of the export base

• 14.   the creation of high skilled jobs.

The world experience in this area shows that, along with significant successes SEZ has some bad experience in creating.

The first SEZ in Russia appeared in 1990. For over 15 years, there was a process of formation and functioning of which had clearly wastewater system. The reason for that was not only the lack of a legislative framework, but also the constant struggle of the federal center and the regions of the favorable benefits for SEZ, as well as for the right management.

Now the situation has changed a lot. Today we can observe the development of a fundamentally new stage in the establishment and operation of free economic zone in the territory of the Russian Federation. These changes are associated with the federal law adopted on July 22 th, 2005 "On special economic zones in the Russian Federation." The creation of this Federal Law marked the beginning of the creation of a unified legal framework and functioning of the system of FEZ on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The main reasons for the ineffectiveness of SEZ may be some mistakes in creation. The most common deficiencies are:

• -    Bad location;

• -    Insufficient attention to basic infrastructure (ie the absence of the required level of communications: roads, air traffic, the lack of development of telecommunications and electricity);

• -    Insufficient institutional links between the area and the administration of those state agencies that are involved in the creation of favorable conditions (such as, for example, the Ministry of Finance, Customs Committee and the Ministry of Economy)

Therefore, it is important to have a strategic installation for the state policy of regional development of the Russian economy. Selection of the territorial network of SEZ should be coordinated not only with the general criteria of socioeconomic efficiency of each SEZ but also with the overall strategic direction of the state, including in regional development policy.

It is necessary to use the SEZ mechanisms in the already prosperous regions of the country, and also to raise the economically less developed areas. Overall, the Russian economy is facing the problem of territorial diversification (dispersion) of investments. Asymmetrically localized domestic, and especially foreign investment. So, according to data for 2015 we see that almost 80% of foreign investments are allocated in 10 regions of Russia. In general, SEZ as a traditional and clear to potential investors form could play the role of a generator of significant changes in the geography of foreign and domestic investments into the Russian economy.

The SEZ policy should, among other things, take into account the balance point strategy to stimulate efforts to improve the overall economic, legal and institutional characteristics of the whole area of socio-economic development.

It’s better not to exaggerate the role of tax incentives in the creation of SEZ, as they do not always provide economic growth. For large investors some benefits sometimes have secondary importance, in contrast to small and medium-sized businesses, which have always felt the lack of free capital. Tax incentives and natural resources can not always replace a lack of modern infrastructure that is required to be createt by a host country. On the other hand, the excessive privileges for foreign investors can lead to unnecessary loss of the national economy, so the tax rates have to be thoroughly justified.

Experience in creating SEZ has shown that the ratio of the goals of economic zoning and objectives of regional development can be very different.

The positive impact of SEZs on the regional and national economy depends on the ability to realize its following advantages: a) sintering savings within SEZ; b) the positive external effects: enterprises outside the special economic zones. The factor of agglomeration economies important because of the situation when the operation in a geographically limited area of a group of companies specializing in the interrelated areas of economic activity, and finally it’s contributing to the overall reduction in the level of costs. This is conducive to the presence of qualified professionals, the proximity of customers and suppliers (cluster system), development of transport and information infrastructure, the presence of firms engaged in technology development, the results of which can be made available to other companies, firms - innovation intermediaries and others.

Сonsidering the positive externalities for businesses outside the economic zones - the ability to obtain their orders from companies operating within the zone, as well as the transfer of technologies developed and / or implemented within the zones. Thus, firstly, the positive development within the zones is only possible if there is a critical mass of companies, which allows to realize the effect of agglomeration economies. Secondly, the harmonious development of special economic zones in the context of regional and national economy requires the creation of incentives for the establishment of economic ties between the companies operating inside and outside the zones themselves.

Currently, SEZ in Russia designed to provide the innovative development of the economy, which, ultimately, will provide a solution to unsolvable situation within the current resource-based economy of the regional problems, including the alignment of socio-economic levels of the Russian regions.

Innovative type model of the modern economy is fully realizable only if it will covere not only all the industry segments of a single economic complex of the country, but also all its territorial components. At the same time branch and territorial characteristics of innovation processes must not be contrary to the general principles of the formation of the modern economy of innovation type. Among them - free integrated market of innovation and investment resources; growth of high-tech products; the growing role of non-material forms of accumulation; Integration of science and education; the special role of the human factor, based on a decent level of consumption of the majority of the population; the combination of market mechanisms (institutions) to promote innovation with targeted measures of state support; the interaction of government, business and civil society to create a favorable environment of innovation processes in the economy (public private partnership).

In favor of the special importance of state regulation of innovative processes is not only extraordinary territorial polarization of the Russian economy as an innovative space, but also the fact that Russia is a state-federal type. The stability of the economy of the state and its ability to rapid modernization, as international experience shows, is defined as the formal observance of the principles of federal state and the unity of its economic (including innovation) space.

At a time when innovations are the main source of stability of socioeconomic development of regions, inclusion of economic complexes in innovative processes determines the integrity of the economic space of the state, and the accuracy of the calculation of areas on the high competitiveness and sustained rapid economic growth.