Features of translation from English

Let us consider the basic principles of the theory of translation in the form as they appear at the present time. The modern translation says the fundamental portability. When it comes to peoples standing at about the same level of culture, it can be argued that all those phenomena that are known to one people, known to others and, therefore, can be expressed in their language, Hence a priori:

• a)    everything that can Express in one language, you can Express and on the other, and hence the transfer is possible;

• b)    translation-replication is impossible, as is often the nature of one language (a reflection of the life, history, etc. of a given people) is not consistent with the character of the other language. Modern translation seeks to be both scientific and artistic, accurate and complete in relation to the Uzbek language. In the center of attention of a translator is to transfer the ideological content of the works, preserving the form as a means of expression of that content. From the translator is required:

• 1.    Knowledge of the basics of translation studies, or translation theory.

• 2.    Understanding a foreign text and the ability to understand all its subtleties.

• 3.    Wide use in the translation of all the rich features of the Uzbek language and, in particular, adopted in the Uzbek language phrases.

• 4.    Creative approach to translation work related to the inner faithful transfer of the author's thoughts and emotions.

• 5.    The translation should not be literal, any calculation of the original is unacceptable. This means that the translator should always try to convey not

• 6.    The next requirement for a full translation is the translator's knowledge of the realities or specific living conditions of the country from which the translation is made. As, for example, when translating an article on the English Parliament, the translator must know that "speaker" does not mean "gapiruvchi shaxs", but "qonunchilik palatasi raisi"; when meeting with the expression "division", he must translate it not "division", but which means roll-call voting without fixing those who voted for or against.

• 7.    It is very important for a translator to be able to highlight the main thing in a sentence, as well as to be able to convey this main thing by means of his native language. The translator should take care to properly highlight the Central element of thought in each phrase.

• 8.    Care for the correct transfer of the logical stress should not cause neglect to the translation of particular elements of the original phrase. The translator must be able to choose words that accurately convey the relevant concepts. To do this, you need to know the so-called synonymic series and be able to operate freely with them. Synonymic series - a series of more or less unambiguous words (synonyms), arranged depending on the intensity and shades of their expressed quality. When

• 9.    The next requirement for the translator is the ability to get out of a difficult situation when the native language is not the ideal equivalent of a word or concept of the original. Many foreign authors of the theory of "untranslatability" referred to this difficulty. The correct construction of the sentence is of great importance in translation. The correct construction of the phrase makes it possible to distinguish in the thoughts of the translated original the main thing - what can be called a "logical predicate". At the same time, the choice of the correct sentence structure also allows to identify secondary elements and to preserve the style of the translated work as much as possible. In terms of translation, sentences can be:

separate words (this will be verbatim) and not separate constructions (calculus). It is necessary to convey the author's idea with all its shades. An example of a literal translation from English would be the case when the translator translated the expression "popular front" "xalq fronti" into "mashhur front". As an example of syntactic tracing paper, that is, the reproduction of this order of words without taking into account its semantic function, we give the following translation: A man came into the room. This order of words is suggested by the English indefinite article, which says that in this case we are talking about a person unknown. The same thought in the Uzbek language expresses the reverse order of words. If we wanted to translate this phrase-tracing back to English, it would have turned out that the man entered the room, which we have already talked about. The man came into the room.

working with synonymic rows, it is necessary to take into account such stylistic moments as positive or negative coloring of a given word, greater or lesser intensity, stylistic coloring, whether a given word occurs in a language, etc.

• 1)    translatable very close;

• 2)    translated using the modified word order;

• 3)    requiring partial syntactic and lexical changes in translation;

• 4)    requiring a complete restructuring of both syntactic and lexical

• 5)    the proposal is particularly difficult.

Categories translation:

• 1.    Proposals that translated almost word for word, rare. These are mainly sentences of a narrative nature, where there is no pronounced emphasis on any particular element. For example, I see a picture translates to "Men manzarani ko'ryapman". Here the equivalent words of the translation follow in the same order as in the original.

• 2.    The second category is sentences requiring that the translation, while retaining the equivalent words, swap the corresponding components of the original. These are mainly informational proposals, in which one or another element of the proposal has a certain emphasis. Let's look at it in more detail. A lecture on methods of teaching English was delivered at our institute yesterday. - Kecha bizni institutda ingliz tilini o'qitish metodikasi bo'yicha ma'ruza bo'ldi. Why the

• 3. In Uzbek language there is a tendency to build a phrase with some gradual increase of semantic saturation towards the end. The percussion element, or communication center, usually stands at the end of the Uzbek phrase, both oral and written, although, of course, there are exceptions. From this point of view, we will consider the proposal "Tomorrow we will give a lecture on Geology at the Institute". There is no doubt that in this sentence each subsequent component is some increase in semantic richness. "Tomorrow" - almost still says nothing to the listener; "our Institute" - captures the attention on a specific spatial point representing for the listening or reading of interest, and thus are already actively awakens attention. Verb - "read" - promises last, the most interesting point, closer to him, alluding to the contents of the shock component. Finally, the subject is the final chord in the sense of concentration of interest: the preceding brings to it, creates a certain background for it, so that it really stands out in the element on which the stress falls.

• 4. Sentences of the fourth type are idiomatic sentences, i.e. sentences whose combination of components is unmotivated. I can't help laughing. The direct translation of this phrase gives us nonsense. The correct translation would be" Men

translation is done this way, with the change of word order. The fact is that this preserves the order of words, which is usual for the Uzbek information sentence: detailed words, predicate, subject. Translate this phrase cannot be otherwise, get a change of meaning. In fact, if we translate this sentence in Uzbek literally ("leksiya ingliz tilini o'qitish bo'yicha ma'ruza qilindi bizni institutda"), it turns out that it was about a certain lecture, which was yesterday, and not on any other day. In other words, the logical emphasis falls on the word "yesterday", while the English construction focuses on the phrase "a lecture on methods of teaching English". Thus, a certain order of words in one language corresponds to its word order in another. In English, there is a tendency to put the percussion element first in the sentence, and then, gradually weakening the semantic saturation, to complete the sentence with less significant details.

o'zimni kulgudan to 'xtata olmayapman". To correctly translate an idiom, you need to completely break away from its structure and lexical design, to fully understand the hidden thought behind it and Express it in your native language in the most literate and close to the original literary form.

However, to understand a sentence, it is not enough to translate it verbatim. It is necessary to retell the main idea of the sentence in simple words in your native language, focusing on the whole context and, moreover, on everything that the translator knows about this work and its author. Anyone engaged in translation, it is clear that no less than the construction of the phrase, the difficulty is the choice of a suitable word - equivalent. The translator, as it were, constantly "weighs" different lexical possibilities, synonyms and, in the end, selects the word (rarely two or three words), which can fully reproduce the meaning of the original.

In some cases, the words are combined with such an unshakable bond that a fusion or a stable combination is obtained, in other cases, some limited choice is possible. "Harmonic combination" it is possible, therefore, to define as appropriate practice and internal proximity, the combination of two or more words. Accordingly, the translator, choosing a word from the synonymic series, should always take care that the word he took is fully consistent with his environment.