Features of translation from English to Russian

So, starting from the second half of the twentieth century, there was a process of isolating the subject, tasks and goals of the theory of translation as a science. But this process required processing a huge amount of information. In addition, one person is not capable of processing them, and it was still necessary to separate the general theory of translation from private - specialized ones, and this also did not facilitate the task facing translators.

Especially when you consider that the language, in its essence, is a kind of code that only its speakers can understand. This code is aimed at attracting attention and is addressed to the reader. The speech itself is divided into oral and written and it is natural that the translations will correspond. It should be noted that the mediator in written speech is the paper itself, on which the text is printed, basically it is easily translatable, already by the way, which is clear. While spoken language can be saturated with various defects, accents or “parasitic words”.

Naturally, another thing - the translation requires a certain design, it is necessary to understand the meaning of what is written, to find expressive means to express the position, idea and style of the author. Having interpreted the text, the translator can go to work, namely, subsequent actions take the greatest amount of time. And thus, not only the text itself attracts the attention of the audience, but also the design of the speech or the translation itself. Therefore, the translation activity of a specialist is defined and limited by the scope of professional communication. The texts to be translated (source texts) in one or another sphere of professional communication are very diverse and differ in genre and stylistic characteristics and in the way they are presented. As a result, the translation texts also differ. However, despite the diversity, the texts can identify common features, and they can be classified. When constructing classifications of types of translation, various criteria can be taken into account. The functioning of communication in two forms, oral and written, led to the development of a classification of the types of translation according to the method of perception of the text and presentation of the text of the translation. in fact, we can once again note that it is customary to classify types of translation with such forms of working with text as interpretation, written, simultaneous, two-way, sheet translation, literary and scientific. It is also important to note that all of them can be both adequate and equivalent, and each specialist will determine for himself which type of translation is closer to him. As for scientific translation, we can say with confidence that this is a translation of socially significant texts, or areas covering any branch of knowledge (economics, technology, mathematics, etc.). in essence, this is a translation that relates to a scientific text, and therefore it must be scientific in style and include scientific terminology, which makes it special, complex and at the same time extremely important, since a lot can depend on the quality of the translation - if it’s not correct to translate the instructions to an expensive device and it will be connected or assembled according to this incorrect instruction, it may break and it will become necessary to claim compensation from someone. Therefore, scientific texts will be classified as translations. As for equivalence or adequacy, in this case, it is necessary to deal with definitions.

Equivalence: 1. The semantic community of units equated to each other. 2. Covers relationships, both between characters and between texts. 3. The terms “equivalence” and “equivalent” mean the relationship between the source and the final texts, which perform similar communicative functions in different cultures. In contrast to adequacy, equivalence is result oriented. Adequacy - 1. Correspondence of the choice of language signs in the target language to the change in the source text, which is chosen as the main guideline of the translation process. 2. Such a ratio of source and final texts, in which the purpose of the translation is consistently taken into account. The terms adequacy and adequacy are focused on the translation process. 3. Based on the actual practice of translation, which often does not allow an exhaustive transfer of the entire communicative - functional content of the original.

Adequacy comes from the fact that the decision made by the translator is often a compromise An adequate and complete translation determines the correct, accurate and complete transfer of the features and contents of the original, and its language form, taking into account all the features of the structure, style, vocabulary and grammar in combination with the impeccable correctness of the language into which the translation is made. When transferring proper names in another language, one should be guided by a number of principles, but these principles cannot be observed all at once and equally. Since there are no unambiguous rules for their transfer, the approach should be agreed. The following methods are possible: direct transfer of the name in the original language to the translation text. This method is widespread, because does not lead to errors in identifying an object.

However, it is unacceptable in the translation of fiction, notarized documents and some other official documents; when, according to the nature of the document or the requirement of the customer, the spelling in the original language should be saved, it should be translated in parentheses at the beginning of the document (and in large documents and through a reasonable number of pages in the future) along with the name (name, abbreviation) in the original language; Thus, it turns out that in order to correctly decrypt the abbreviation, the translator must follow the following working methods: the analysis method, usually in the text, the decoding of the abbreviation is indicated, if it is mentioned in the first. This applies to both oral and written speech. Therefore, the translator must carefully work with the text and after analyzing the explanations contained, then follow exactly the selected translation vector. In fact, in the text there are no abbreviations not related to its content; the selection method, suggests that part of the most common abbreviations is in dictionaries or reference books and it is possible to take a translation in a ready-made form from them. However, this method is not the most reliable, since dictionaries become obsolete faster than new words and abbreviations appear. [13]Naturally, when working with scientific texts, translators have to deal with a large number of features of the text and the translation itself, but in fact, the main idea of any work on any text will always be the desire for its full interpretation - this is what scientific translation seeks.

Thus, it turns out that scientific translation is a translation of the text, which is based on the written work of the translator, an adequate approach to its content and the search for the most suitable approaches to its translation according to the grammatical forms available in the text. At the same time, no one can limit the translator in choosing, moreover, the same text can contain a variety of words that will require a special approach to learning, and therefore flexibility and the ability to adapt to the requirements and content of the text, as well as the professionalism and level of knowledge of the translator is the key to a successful translation. But all this is only in theory. But in practice, the translator has to deal with various features that characterize scientific translation as specific and very complex. Especially when you consider that scientific (technical) texts often contain words that can be translated as the most used and familiar from the first try, but it turns out that this is not the case and the work done should be corrected or completely redone. Such words are called “false friends of the translator”, they also make up the specifics of working with foreign texts.