Features of translation of phraseological units in modern German language

Phraseology as one of the young branches of linguistics is attracting more and more attention of researchers. The tasks of phraseology as a linguistic discipline include a comprehensive study of the phraseological fund of a language. Important aspects of the study of this science are: the stability of phraseological units, the systematic nature of phraseology and the semantic structure of phraseological units, their origin and basic functions. A particularly complex field of phraseology is the translation of phraseological units, which requires considerable experience in the field of research in this discipline.

Phraseology develops the principles of selection of phraseological units, methods of their study, classification and phraseography - description in dictionaries. Phraseology uses various research methods, such as component analysis of meaning. On the basis of existing research methods in linguistics, “proper phraseological methods of analysis and description” are developed [5:49]:

^ method of identification - establishing the identities of words and syntactic constructions that form phraseology, with their free counterparts;

^ the method of application, which is a kind of method of identification, the method is limited in the choice of variables, which establishes different structural and semantic organizations of phraseology from combinations formed in accordance with regular laws of choice and combination, etc.

Phraseology offers different types of classifications of phraseological structure of language depending on the properties of phraseology and methods of their study.

The subject of the history of phraseology is the study of primary, original forms and meanings of phraseology, determining their sources for all available monuments, identifying areas of their use in different eras of language, as well as establishing the volume of phraseological composition and its systematic order in a particular historical era. languages.

The classification of phraseology in terms of semantic fusion of their components belongs to Academician V.V. Vinogradov [6]. As you know, phraseology arises from the free combination of words, which is used figuratively. Gradually, portability is forgotten, erased, and the connection becomes stable. Depending on how much the nominative meanings of the components of phraseology are erased, how strong their figurative meaning is, V.V. Vinogradov divides them into three types: “phraseological merging, phraseological unity and phraseological combinations” [6:89]. Consider these types of phraseological units in modern English.

Phraseological conjunctions are absolutely indivisible, indecomposable stable combinations, the general meaning of which does not depend on the meaning of their constituent words. They arose on the basis of the figurative meanings of their components, but later these figurative meanings became incomprehensible from the point of view of modern language.

Idioms can be literally translated into another language to idioms in another language, you can only find the corresponding idiom, if any, or translate it with one word or a free phrase.

Thus, in phraseological mergers the connection between direct and figurative meanings is lost, figurative for them became the main. That is why phraseological conjunctions are difficult to translate into other languages.

Phraseological splices have a number of characteristic features:

• ^    words that are not used anywhere, except for this union, incomprehensible as a result from the point of view of modern language;

• ^    mergers may include archaisms;

• ^    they are syntactically indecomposable;

• ^    they are impossible in most cases to rearrange the components;

• ^    they are characterized by impenetrability - do not allow additional words.

Phraseological units arise on the basis of semantic reinterpretation or shift of variable phrases. New, phraseological meaning is carried out not as a result of changing the meaning of individual components, but changing the meaning of the whole complex "as if imposing on it a fresh semantic or expressive layer". In phraseological unity is absorbed and the individual meaning of the component words is lost. Semantic unity, or semantic integrity, corresponds to this category of phraseology. In all this, the meaning of the whole is associated with the understanding of the “figurative core of the phrase”.

“Semantic dialectics” are associated with secondary semantic processes that may be experienced by the word-components of phraseological units, including phraseological units. In parallel with the formation of phraseological unity, which is part of words, new meanings may arise, first, “potential”, as if “absorbed by the total value of a complex nominative whole, but able to actualize, highlight, acquire the ability of individual reproduction.”

The figurative motivation of phraseological unity can fade and weaken over time to complete demotivation. This is usually the case when phraseological unity arises from the reinterpretation of such variable phrases that were the original meaning of specific traditions of the German people and came out over time using, for example: etwas (viel) auf dem Kerbholz “have many sins on conscience” (letters: “have many marks on the label”- goes back to the ancient way of noticing debts).

The meaning of such units, arising from the rethinking of a variable phrase, has an absolute expressiveness, ie it is expressive regardless of the context. It exists in connection with this material composition of phraseology also in the case when it gradually weakens and obscures the figurative core, which served as the basis for the motivation of phraseological unity. Thus, the sound composition of demotivated phraseological units (idioms) is perceived by the native speaker as a certain verbal complex, which has a traditional fixed meaning, expressiveness and functional and stylistic affiliation.

Phraseological combinations arise as a result of a single coupling of one semantically transformed component. The semantics of such phraseological units is characterized by analytical and preserving the semantic individuality of the components.

The number of phraseological combinations is very small, ie a single combination of one of the components with a figurative meaning is not typical in the system of German phraseology. As a rule, the figurative meaning of a word forms a serial connection with the words of one or another semantic group.

The development of phraseology as a linguistic science in recent years has posed a very difficult problem for researchers - the relationship of a unit of phraseology with the word. In modern linguistics, there are different views on the very formulation of this question. Some consider phraseological units to be the equivalents of words, others point to their correlation with the word, the replacement of the theory of equivalence with the theory of the correlated combination of phraseology with the word.

At the present stage of development of phraseology, it would be unjustified if it limited the object of its study to units of only the first and partly the second groups, ie units of phraseology. In addition to the obvious fact that the phraseology is constantly replenished and enriched by simulated formations, such as the type of analytical constructions, it is impractical for another, no less important reason. Simulated and serial formations, very numerous and productive in modern European languages, in such a formulation of the question would remain beyond scientific consideration. As separate units of language with semantic separateness, they do not belong to lexicology or syntax.