Philosophical foundations of cognition: dialectics and methodology

This article examines the philosophical foundations of cognition through the prism of dialectics and methodology of scientific research. Special attention is paid to the relationship between philosophical analysis and the development of scientific methods. The author explores the historical stages of the formation of philosophical approaches to cognition and their impact on modern science. The article also discusses the main methodological concepts such as empiricism, rationalism and critical realism, as well as their role in shaping the scientific worldview.