The physiological role of lactose in native and hydrolyzed milk: a review

Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose fragments. It is the most predominant carbohydrate found in milk. The physiological significance of lactose is primarily determined by its energetic properties. Consuming lactose helps maintain the balance of the gut microflora. In addition, lactose stimulates the absorption of calcium in children and helps to increase bone strength. However, not all people absorb lactose equally. In the body, lactose is hydrolyzed by the enzyme β-galactosidase (lactase). Lactase deficiency in the gastrointestinal tract causes lactose intolerance and is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence, and diarrhea that may occur after drinking milk. Two thirds of the world's population have problems digesting lactose. People with lactose intolerance often avoid dairy products. However, dairy products are an essential part of a healthy, balanced diet and are a rich source of nutrients. Limiting the consumption of dairy products can lead to deficiencies in important nutrients and contribute to the development of long-term health risks such as decreased bone density, hypertension and diabetes. Nutritional support, in this case, is one of the most effective methods of disease prevention. The need for people with lactose intolerance is shown to optimize nutritional status by including lactose-free and low-lactose dairy products in the diet. It is shown that the world market for lactose-free dairy products is the fastest growing segment in the dairy.