Genesis of criminal record legislation

The article explores the problem of the genesis of a criminal record as a legal institution inherent in any state. The authors conclude that the institution of a criminal record existed even before its legislative (codification) in the criminal law of any state, including Russia. Therefore, the authors propose to call this legal phenomenon "proto-conviction". The article also concludes that the pre-revolutionary Russian legislation did not explicitly use the term "criminal record", although the institution itself existed. The authors substantiate the existence and evolution of this institution through an analysis of pre-revolutionary Russian legislation.