Grammatical features of Azerbaijani words taken from English

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice

UDC 37.012.3                                      

Borrowings included in each language differ according to their structure, origin, lexical-grammatical characteristics and are classified according to various criteria. The most common classification is the grouping of loanwords by origin.

Among these types of classification, the one based on origin has almost always been considered in previous studies. Borrowing from English is the leading for modern day borrowings. This aspect makes classification based on origin secondary. Often, borrowing from the English language leads to clarifying the historical origin and etymology of the word itself. English has historically borrowed quite a lot of words from different languages. These borrowed words have been classified in different ways. V. Danilinko offers five types of classification of acquisitions: 1) by origin; 2) oral-written); 3) direct-indirect; 4) ancient, old, new, newest; 5) level and interlevel acquisitions [1].

The process of introducing words from European languages into the Azerbaijani language in modern times Continue. As a result of rapid development of science and technology, increasing influence of Azerbaijan in the social and political arena, integration into Europe, a large number of words are being transferred from English, which is one of the main languages in the world. The ways of these borrowings are divided into two parts, direct and indirect. H. Aliyev mentions Russian words as well as European words in his candidate's thesis entitled "Russian Borrowings in the Azerbaijani Language". He notes that "first of all, the position of the source language and the etymon language is not distinguished. In each language, the word acquisition process can be direct, that is, unmediated or mediated. Even if the language is not in direct contact with another language, it borrows directly through written sources" [2].

Under the influence of these borrowings, which entered the Azerbaijani language directly from the English language, lexical units expressing new concepts were created. The words and terms that entered the Azerbaijani language from English are different in terms of structure. Borrowed words that entered the Azerbaijani language from English can be divided into simple, complex, and complex words according to their structure. It should also be noted that since these languages belong to a separate group of languages, it is necessary to consider the issue of structural types of English words. However, words and terms in Azerbaijani or English are divided into three types according to their structure by researchers. An important part of borrowings from English into Azerbaijani language is simple borrowings. Among the simple borrowed words transferred from English to Azerbaijani, terms have a special place. Internet, economy, sports, medicine, diplomacy, maritime, shipping, etc. covers the terms. The names of boats and ships related to seafaring and logistics, ship parts and tools used on ships, terms denoting the duties of people engaged in seafaring enrich the technical terminology. It should also be noted that although these simple borrowings entered the Azerbaijani language through English some of the seafaring and shipping terms are derived from the Dutch language. These words are international terms that have passed into most of the world's languages, including English. Therefore, it is debatable whether a number of words first appeared in English or Dutch, and from which language they were transferred to other languages. That is why such words sometimes belong to the English and sometimes to the Dutch language . Many words of Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch origin have passed into English, and from there into Azerbaijani. However, there are no such disputes in the development of Internet-related terms. For example, The term "site" that is currently in use in the language comes from the English word "site" and is an information resource that has a personal address on the Internet, where the owner places the desired information. Or "selfie" comes from the word "selfie" used in English and means a person takes a picture of himself with a camera or phone. The term "caps" comes from the English word "caps" and is a type of text written in the deaf-lock mode of the keyboard to express some kind of protest or disrespect to the interviewer on the Internet. The term "Like" comes from the word "like" in English and is a conventional sign of solidarity with the material and its author on social networks and websites. Currently, this term is the most used term in Internet resources. Such acquisitions can be divided into the following groups:

• 1.    Household words: hostel, hit, campus, cartest, nagist, glamor, mixer, popcorn, roll (food wrapped in lavash), rotel, etc.

• 2.    Words related to science and its various fields: hardtop, crossover, crossfit, gadget, goalkeeper, laminate, lexan, coating, compensator round, etc.

• 3.    Words related to art and culture: rap, rapper, remake, lifting, rocker, musical (a synthetic type of performance that includes variety, operetta and ballet), nonsense (absurd idea), promotur (to advertise a music album), rastra ( taken by means of digital camera, video camera shots), pantilim, etc.

• 4.    Words with socio-political content: gender, career, concept, careerist, racket, creative, mentalite, confederation, PR, etc.

• 5.    Words related to the Internet: server, disk, site, hashtag, host, caps, pressing, comment, crossfit, grader, landing, like, link, notebook, tablet, processor, provider, printer, spammer, etc.

• 6.    Words related to the economy: fronting, consulting, futures, marker, pirate, oksan, rating, fairway, kilector, realtor, crinoline, etc.

It should also be noted that these simple lexical units, taken directly from the English language, have gained functionality in various fields of science and technology. R. Jafarov writes: " The scientific style in the Azerbaijani language was not mechanically transferred, some of them even changed formally and semantically. In the modern period when we gained independence, the rapprochement with the European peoples, scientific and cultural interactions had their effect on the vocabulary of the Azerbaijani language, the unmediated system of word acquisition became active, and the dynamism of the European layer in our terminology became more intense" [3].

In accordance with the requirements of the time, a large number of complex terms from the English language were included in the vocabulary of the Azerbaijani language. In earlier times, words of Arabic, Persian and Russian origin, and now words of European origin, enter the language. Although these acquisitions received during the years of independence are considered necessary acquisitions, their assimilation in the language and compliance with the laws of the language should be monitored. It is one of the important conditions to master the terms taken from English, one of the European languages. An important part of the words borrowed from the English language is made up of words. Their differentiation and linguistic analysis is one of the most pressing problems in linguistics. The structural types of words appear in different forms in different languages. Although it acts as suffixes, affixes, and morphemes in languages with different systems, new structural types attract attention in the process of word giving and word acquisition. These structural types influence the formation of word structure types and are classified in different ways. However, in certain complex words, as well as in borrowings that are considered corrections, these types of structures are not distinguished from each other. This is mostly related to the origin of multi-word borrowings and the international character of affixes considered suffixes. It is known that in the Azerbaijani language, words consisting of a root and a word-correcting suffix are called correcting words. Suffixes involved in word creation in Azerbaijani language are added to the end of the word and a new lexical unit is formed. Suffixes involved in the word correction process are considered word correction suffixes. Borrowings from English reflect this process differently, and break such borrowings into their constituent parts creates a certain difficulty. Affixes play an active role in word formation in English, and they are the affixes of the English language itself. For example, the term monitoring is derived from the combination of monitor and the affix ing. In ecology, it is a system of long-term complex observations and experiments performed on the change of the ecosystem and biosphere. It is performed in special stations and biosphere reserves [4].

By combining this term into a number of words, new words were created in the Azerbaijani language. For example, national monitoring, biological monitoring, environmental monitoring, international monitoring, etc.

Speaking about affixes, Academician VV Vinogradov notes that the affix that created this or that part of speech retains the possibility of being separated from the word to which it is attached. S. Mammadova writes: "By affix, we understand that morpheme that, as a result of its development, acquires an abstract meaning characteristic of words from a whole class, and this morpheme changes its meaning by joining the base" [5].

The affixes -er, -or, -ing, -ver, -tion, -is, -ite, -man, -ness, rism, are more actively involved in the words that entered the Azerbaijani language from English. For example, designer, freelancer, hosting, interviewer, kerning, cliffhanger, marketing, monitoring, kiting, kiteboarding, clearing, cluster, manipulator, mediator and so on. Borrowed words often entered the Azerbaijani language together with affixes. In such borrowings, terms with the suffix a -ing prevail. Words formed with this suffix are used as international terms entering many languages. According to V. V. Vinogradov" words that have been changed into another language by means of this suffix should be considered international words" [6].

Words formed with this suffix are added to words of Latin and Greek origin to form new words. For example, the first part of the term "radiolifting" is of Latin origin, "radio", and the second part is the term "lifting" belonging to the English language. In cosmetics, it refers to the radio wave face lifting procedure. Or the term "radiominitoring" in Latin radiare-radiating, "monitor-reminding", the suffix -ing-chi fulfills the function. The term" radiominitoring", which performs the function of control and management with the help of radio devices, was born from their combination.

Besides, from productive affixes - diss, -ship, -ation, -ment, -ery, -acy, -age, -ed, -y, -ish, -en, -les, -ful, -some, -fold, - Affixes such as ous, - an (ean-ian), -uk, -ik, -nok, -mis, -under, -over, -up, -re participate in word formation in English and expand the vocabulary of that language. To separate such affixes from the borrowed word is different from the Azerbaijani language it is not so easy. L. P. Krysin writes: "in such an interaction, a tendency characteristic of most European languages - the tendency of internationalization of words is clearly noticeable" [7].

In particular, the similarity of affixal morphemes in many European languages is striking. For example, -tor, -er English loanwords made with its help have entered many languages. trader, provider, surveyor, breaker, newsmaker, killer, broker and so on. Among the borrowings from the English language, the borrowings used with super are also predominant. For example, superholding, superkiller, supercomputer, superoffice, supermarket, etc. Those affixes, along with borrowed words, were directly transferred to the Azerbaijani language. As well as merchandising, merchandiser, manager, management, medkarting, etc.

Terms that enter the language in a complicated way also enrich the vocabulary of the Azerbaijani language. For example, the term "netbook" that was transferred from English to Azerbaijani language was created from the words "net" in English and "book" in English. It is a small-sized, lightweight type of computer designed mainly for creating an Internet connection. Facebook "face" in English uz is a social network that is formed from the combination of the words "book-kitab" and enables people to communicate with each other, compete, and exchange ideas through the Internet. "Flashmob" in English is formed from the combination of the words "flashmob-mass" and means that a group of people suddenly gathers in a pre-arranged place and conducts an action and quickly leaves that place; "Image maker" in English is formed from the combination of the words "image-image, image", "make-create" and is engaged in forming a positive image of a public figure, politician, or artist in order to increase his popularity; The term "interactive" is derived from the English language "inter" "between" and "actives" "moving" and means the one who engages in dialogue and creates communication between people and mass information [8].

Thus, an important part of borrowings from English into Azerbaijani is simple borrowings. In addition, complex borrowings, word combinations, terms in the form of double words differ in their functionality in different fields of science.