Иммунобиологические и молекулярно-генетические свойства негемадсорбирующих штаммов вируса африканской чумы свиней (обзор)

Иммунобиологические и молекулярно-генетические свойства негемадсорбирующих штаммов вируса африканской чумы свиней (обзор)

Автор: Крутько С.А., Намсрайн С.Г., Середа А.Д.

Журнал: Сельскохозяйственная биология @agrobiology

Рубрика: Обзоры, проблемы

Статья в выпуске: 2 т.57, 2022 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Вирус африканской чумы свиней (АЧС, African swine fever virus , Asfivirus , Asfarviridae ) представляет собой наиболее серьезную проблему для отрасли свиноводства во всем мире. В представленном обзоре проанализированы результаты исследований негемадсорбирующих штаммов вируса АЧС, рассмотрены особенности их иммунобиологических и молекулярно-генетических свойств, применение в фундаментальных и прикладных научных исследованиях. Согласно опубликованным данным, большинство выделенных в природе или полученных в лабораторных условиях негемадсорбирующих штаммов вируса АЧС слабовирулентны или авирулентны и обладают свойством формировать иммунную защиту от последующего заражения свиней гомологичными вирулентными гемадсорбирующими изолятами или штаммами (J.D. Vigário с соавт., 1970). На Африканском континенте авирулентные негемадсорбирующие штаммы вируса АЧС, как правило, выделяли от персистентно инфицированных бородавочников ( Phacochoerus spp . ), кустарниковых свиней ( Poto-mochorus porcus ) и мягких клещей Оrnithodoros moubata (A. Pini, 1976; G.R. Thomson с соавт., 1979), в Европе (Португалия, Испания, Латвия) и Азии (Китай) - от персистентно инфицированных домашних свиней ( Sus scrofa domesticus ), диких кабанов ( Sus scrofa ) и от клещей Оrnithodoros erraticus (marocanus ) (F.S. Boinas с соавт., 2004; C. Gallardo с соавт., 2019; E. Sun с соавт., 2021). Негемадсорбирующие штаммы применяются в исследованиях механизмов иммунной защиты от АЧС. В экспериментах со штаммом OURT88/3 была установлена важная роль CD8+ Т-клеток в иммунной защите от АЧС. Индуцированная штаммом OURT88/3 перекрестная защита от заражения вирулентными изолятами неродственных генотипов коррелировала со способностью этих изолятов специфически стимулировать продукцию IFNγ лимфоцитами иммунизированных свиней (C.C. Abrams с соавт., 2013). В экспериментах с негемадсорбирующим штаммом NH/P68 было продемонстрировано, что высокое содержание специфических антител к вирусу АЧС характерно для хронической формы болезни, в то время как низкое количество антител отмечено у свиней с бессимптомной формой инфекции после интраназальной и внутримышечной иммунизации (A. Leitão с соавт., 2001; C. Gallardo с соавт., 2019). Низкую патогенность негемадсорбирующих изолятов связывают с потерей факторов вирулентности из-за больших делеций близко к левому концу генома или меньшими делециями и заменами в генах, кодирующих факторы вирулентности в других участках генома (F.S. Boinas с соавт., 2004). Утрату гемадсорбирующих свойств вируса АЧС связывают с делециями и/или сдвигом рамки считывания в гене EP402R (R.J. Rowlands с соавт., 2009; R. Portugal с соавт., 2015; K.A. Mima с соавт., 2015). Проведены работы по уменьшению побочных клинических реакций у свиней, инокулированных делеционными мутантами штаммов OURT88/3 и NH/P68 вируса АЧС (M.L. Nogal с соавт., 2001; C. Hurtado с соавт., 2004; A.G. Granja с соавт., 2009). Природно аттенуированные негемадсорбирующие штаммы вируса АЧС применяют в исследованиях по созданию кандидатных живых вакцин. С их помощью удалось достичь до 100 % защиты от гомологичных вирулентных изолятов и штаммов вируса АЧС у домашних свиней (K. King с соавт., 2011; P.J. Sánchez-Cordón с соавт., 2017; C. Gallardo с соавт., 2018; C. Gallardo с соавт., 2019; P.J. Sanchez-Cordon с соавт., 2020) и кабанов (J.A. Barasona с соавт., 2019).

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Африканская чума свиней, негемадсорбирующие изоляты, негемадсорбирующие штаммы, кандидатные вакцины

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/142235667

IDR: 142235667   |   DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2022.2.207rus

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