Исследование влияния физической активности на экспрессию генов при расстройствах аутистического спектра (обзор литературы)
Автор: Протченко А.А., Ненашева А.В.
Журнал: Человек. Спорт. Медицина @hsm-susu
Рубрика: Физиология
Статья в выпуске: 3 т.24, 2024 года.
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Цель: анализ современных данных о молекулярных механизмах влияния физической активности на экспрессию генов у лиц с расстройствами аутистического спектра (РАС) и воздействии физических упражнений на клинические проявления аутизма. Материалы и методы. Проанализированы литературные источники с использованием баз данных PubMed, Google Scholar, Sciencedirect по исследованиям, опубликованным в научных журналах с 2007 по 2024 год. Результаты. Физическая активность усиливает экспрессию генов, положительно влияющих на проявления РАС через различные механизмы, включая изменение профиля микроРНК и паттернов метилирования ДНК, увеличение экспрессии BDNF, усиление биогенеза митохондрий. Изменяя профили микроРНК, физическая активность может косвенно влиять на экспрессию генов, связанных с РАС, в том числе тех, которые участвуют в нейрогенезе, синаптогенезе, миграции нейронов, окислительном стрессе, нейровоспалении. Например, miR-146a принимает участие в нарушении синаптической передачи при РАС, ингибировании миграции нейронов и усилении воспалительной реакции. После тренировки уровень циркулирующей miR-146a снижался на 49 %. Кроме того, miR-146a является перспективным диагностическим биомаркером и потенциальной терапевтической мишенью при РАС, учитывая его аномальную экспрессию как в тканях головного мозга, так и в жидкостях организма пациентов с РАС. Физическая активность оказывает заметное влияние на паттерны метилирования ДНК, потенциально модулируя экспрессию генов. Определенные локусы по всему геному аномально метилированы у людей с РАС по сравнению с контрольной группой. Эти изменения могут влиять на экспрессию генов, критически важных для нейроразвития и синаптической функции. Хотя точные механизмы и эффективные дозы, вызывающие значительные изменения в метилировании ДНК, остаются предметом продолжающихся исследований, имеющиеся данные подтверждают, что сочетание аэробных и силовых тренировок имеет важное значение для изменения структуры метилирования ДНК. Физические упражнения влияют на модификации хроматина BDNF, деметилирование ДНК промотора BDNF IV и фосфорилирование MeCP2 для стимуляции синтеза мРНК и белка BDNF. Увеличение уровня BDNF, важного нейротрофина, поддерживающего нейроны, после физической нагрузки может улучшить нейропластичность и снизить когнитивные и поведенческие нарушения при РАС. Также физическая активность ускоряет образование митохондрий, способствуя устойчивости клеток к активным формам кислорода в условиях повышенного окислительного стресса при РАС. Заключение. Экспрессия генов, связанных с РАС, модифицируется под воздействием физической активности, и корреляция этих изменений с результатами различных протоколов упражнений и их интенсивностью могут проложить путь к разработке индивидуальных рекомендаций по упражнениям, адаптированным к индивидуальным потребностям здоровья и стратегиям уменьшения проявлений заболевания.
Рас, физическая активность, bdnf, микрорнк, экспрессия генов, биогенез митохондрий, эпигенетические модификации
Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/147247663
IDR: 147247663 | DOI: 10.14529/hsm240305
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