Ecosystem-based approach to the protection of the Black Sea marine environment

The article examines the ecosystem-based approach to the protection of the Black Sea, a unique closed marine ecosystem with limited water exchange, making it particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. The paper discusses the main stages of legal framework development in this area and highlights key challenges related to the fragmentation and institutional disunity of the current protection system. Given the high pollution levels and risk of environmental incidents, the author emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that integrates natural, technical, and social factors. Recommendations are provided to improve legal mechanisms and institutional structures to enhance the resilience of the Black Sea ecosystem.