К патофизиологическим аспектам электрокардиотерапии (обзор литературы)

Автор: Хасанов Ильдар Шамильевич

Журнал: Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины @cardiotomsk

Статья в выпуске: 1 т.30, 2015 года.

Бесплатный доступ

По мере развития электрокардиотерапии, применяемой сегодня, и для лечения сердечной недостаточности (СН) все большее значение приобретает решение задачи физиологичности терапии и предупреждения ятрогенных эффектов. Поиск направлен на достижение физиологичной частоты и последовательности возбуждения миокарда при искусственной стимуляции, минимизацию нарушений контуров регуляции работы сердечно-сосудистой системы (ССС). Критерием физиологичности элекгрокардиотерапии могло бы считаться улучшение гемодинамики без усиления системы неспецифической нейрогуморальной регуляции (НГР), свидетельствующей о стрессе. Частотно-адаптивная электрокардиотерапия, учитывающая состояние инотропной функции миокарда, прямым регулятором которой со стороны автономной нервной системы является β-адренергическая сигнальная сеть, может способствовать снижению адренергической стимуляции миокарда и таким образом может принести положительный эффект пациентам, в том числе больным СН. Наряду с нейрогуморальными факторами, являющимися основной причиной развития синдрома СН, ключевую роль играют различные провоспалительные цитокины, модулирующие функции ССС. Практически при всех основных формах кардиальной патологии и развитии нарушений ритма сердца независимо от локализации присутствует в той или иной форме воспаление, которое имеет единую патогенетическую и морфологическую картину, обусловленную различными системными маркерами, включая эндотоксин. Соответственно, различные биологические маркеры, участвующие в процессах НГР, специфической и неспецифической адаптации организма к метаболическим требованиям, имеют важное значение для определения физиологичности лечения, в том числе и на фоне проводимой электрокардиотерапии. Дальнейший поиск ведется на основе знаний как о принципах регуляции ССС, так и о различных механизмах специфической и неспецифической адаптации человеческого организма к различным факторам, таким как физическая нагрузка или психоэмоциональный стресс.

Еще

Электрокардиотерапия, физиологичность лечения, нейрогуморальная регуляция, инотропная функция миокарда, провоспалительные факторы

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/14920008

IDR: 14920008

Список литературы К патофизиологическим аспектам электрокардиотерапии (обзор литературы)

Selye H. Stress and disease//Science. -1955. -Vol. 122 (3171). -P. 625-631.
Selye H. A Syndrome produced by nocuous agents//Nature. -1936. -Vol. 138(3479). -P. 32.
Баевский Р.М., Берсенева А.П. Оценка адаптационных возможностей организма и риск развития заболеваний. -М.: Медицина, 1997. -С. 265.
Nathan D.A., Centre S., Wu C. et al. An implantable synchronous pacemaker for the long term correction of complete heart block//Am. J. Cardiol. -1963. -Vol. 11. -P. 362-367.
Rediker D.E., Eagle K.A., Homma S. et al. Clinical and haemodynamic comparison of VVI versus DDD pacing in patients with DDD pacemakers//Am. J. Cardiol. -1988. -Vol. 61. -P. 323-329.
Perrins J.E., Morley C.A., Chan S.L. et al. Randomized controlled trial of physiological and ventricular pacing//Br. Heart J. -1983. -Vol. 50. -P. 112-117.
Pehrsson S.K., Hjemdhal P., Norlander R. et al. A comparison of sympathoadrenal activity and cardiac performance at rest and during exercise in patients with ventricular demand or atrial synchronous pacing//Br. Heart J. -1988. -Vol. 60. -P. 212-220.
He G.X., Song Z.Y., Zhou L.X. et al. Effects of physiological pacing and non-physiological pacing on hemodynamics, atrial natriuretic peptide and renin-angiotensin//J. HK Coll. Cardiol. -1996. -Vol. 4. -P. 17-20.
Wiegand U.K.H.; Bode F., Schunkert H. Physiological pacing -quo vadis//Current Cardiology Reviews. -2005. -Vol. 1(3). -P. 225-230.
Sweeney M.O., Hellkamp A.S., Ellenbogen K.A. et al. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction//Circulation. -2003. -Vol. 107(23). -P. 2932-2937.
Lamas G.A., Lee K.L., Sweeney M.O. et al. Ventricular pacing or dual-chamber pacing for sinus-node dysfunction//N. Engl. J. Med. -2002. -Vol. 346. -P. 1854-1862.
Steinberg J.S., Fischer A., Wang P. et al. The clinical implications of cumulative right ventricular pacing in the multicenter automatic defibrillator trial II//J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. -2005. -Vol. 16. -P. 359-365.
Nielsen J.C., Kristensen L., Andersen H.R. et al. A randomized comparison of atrial and dual-chamber pacing in 177 consecutive patients with sick sinus syndrome: echocardiographic and clinical outcome//J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -2003. -Vol. 42. -P. 614-623.
Wilkoff B.L., Cook J.R., Epstein A.E. et al. Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial//JAMA. -2002. -Vol. 288. -P. 3115-3123.
Sweeney M.O., Hellkamp A.S. Heart failure during cardiac pacing//Circulation. -2006. -Vol. 113. -P. 2082-2088.
Shukla H.H., Hellkamp A.S., James E.A. et al. Heart failure hospitalization is more common in pacemaker patients with sinus node dysfunction and a prolonged paced QRS duration//Heart Rhythm. -2005. -Vol. 2. -P. 245-251.
Sweeney M.O., Hellkamp A.S., Lee K.L. et al. Association of prolonged QRS duration with death in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction//Circulation. -2005. -Vol. 111. -P. 2418-2423.
Sweeney M.O., Prinzen F.W. A new paradigm for physiologic ventricular pacing//J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -2006. -Vol. 47. -P. 282-288.
Kavanagh K.M., Belenkie I., Duff H.J. Transmural temporospatial left ventricular activation during pacing from different sites: potential implications for optimal pacing//Cardiovasc. Res. -2008. -Vol. 77(1). -P. 81-88.
Prinzen F.W., Cheriex E.C., Delhaas T. et al. Asymmetric thickness of the left ventricular wall resulting from asynchronous electric activation: a study in dogs with ventricular pacing and in patients with left bundle branch block//Am. Heart J. -1995. -Vol. 130. -P. 1045-1053.
Van Oosterhout M.F.M., Prinzen F.W., Arts T. et al. Asynchronous electrical activation induces asymmetrical hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall//Circulation. -1998. -Vol. 98. -P. 588-595.
Nielsen J.C., Andersen H.R., Thomsen P.E.B. et al. Heart failure and echocardiographic changes during long-term follow-up of patients with sick sinus syndrome randomized to singlechamber atrial or ventricular pacing//Circulation. -1998. -Vol. 97. -P. 987-995.
Nahlawi M., Waligora M., Spies S.M. Left ventricular function during and after right ventricular pacing//J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -2004. -Vol. 44. -P. 1883-1888.
Wan X., Bryant S.M., Hart G. A topographical study of mechanical and electrical properties of single myocytes isolated from normal guinea-pig ventricular muscle//J. Anat. -2003. -Vol. 202. -P. 525-536.
Cordeiro J.M., Greene L., Heilmann C. Transmural heterogeneity of calcium activity and mechanical function in the canine left ventricle//Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. -2004. -Vol. 286. -P. H1471-H1479.
Sommer J.R., Jennings R.B. Ultrastructure of Cardiac Muscle//The Heart and Cardiovascular System/Ed. by H.A. Fozzard, R.B. Jennings, E. Haber, A.M. Katz, H.E. Morgan. -New York: Raven Press, 1991.
Katra R.P., Pruvot E., Laurita K.R. Intracellular calcium handling heterogeneities in intact guinea pig hearts//Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. -2004. -Vol. 286. -P. H648-H656.
Baker C.T., Bocharov G.A., Paul C.A. Modelling and analysis of time-lags in some basic patterns of cell proliferation//J. Math. Biol. -1998. -Vol. 37. -341-371.
Gardner T.S., Cantor C.R., Collins J.J. Construction of a genetic toggle switch in Escherichia coli//Nature. -2000. -Vol. 403. -P. 339-342.
Koulakov A.A., Raghavachari S., Kepecs A. et al. Model for a robust neural integrator//Nat. Neurosci. -2002. -Vol. 5. -P. 775-782.
Solovyova O., Katsnelson L.B., Konovalov P. et al. Activation sequence as a key factor in spatio-temporal optimization of myocardial function//Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci. -2006. -Vol. 364 (1843). -P. 1367-1383.
Abraham W.T., Fisher W.G., Smith A.L. et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure//N. Engl. J. Med. -2002. -Vol. 346. -P. 1845-1853.
Auricchio A., Abraham W.T. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: current state of the art: cost versus benefit//Circulation. -2004. -Vol. 109. -P. 300-307.
Blanc J.J., Etienne Y., Gilard M. et al. Evaluation of different ventricular pacing sites in patients with severe heart failure: results of an acute hemodynamic study//Circulation. -1997. -Vol. 96. -P. 3273-3277.
Leclercq J.F., Chouty F., Cauchemez B. et al. Results of electrical fulguration in arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease//Am. J. Cardiol. -1988. -Vol. 62. -P. 220-224.
Cazeau S., Leclercq C., Lavergne T. et al. Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay//N. Engl. J. Med. -2001. -Vol. 344. -P. 873-880.
Stellbrink C., Breithardt O.A., Franke A. et al. Impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy using hemodynamically optimized pacing on left ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure and ventricular conduction disturbances//J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -2001. -Vol. 38. -P. 1957-1965.
Abraham W.T., Fisher W.G., Smith A.L. Cardiac resynchronisation in heart failure//N. Engl. J. Med. -2002. -Vol. 346. -P. 1845-1853.
Bristow M., Saxon L.A., Boehmer J. Cardiac-resynchronisation therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced heart failure//N. Engl. J. Med. -2004. -Vol. 350. -P. 2140-2150.
Nelson G.S., Berger R.D., Fetics B.J. et al. Left ventricular or biventricular pacing improves cardiac function at diminished energy cost in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle-branch block//Circulation. -2000. -Vol. 102. -P. 3053-3059.
Burkhoff D., Oikawa R.Y., Sagawa K. Influence of pacing site on canine left ventricular contraction//Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. -1986. -Vol. 251. -P. H428-H435.
Beshai J.F., Grimm R.A., Nagueh S.F. et al. Cardiacresynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes//N. Engl. J. Med. -2007. -Vol. 357. -P. 24612471.
Dorn G.W., Molkentin J.D. Manipulating cardiac contractility in heart failure. Data from mice and men//Circulation. -2004. -Vol. 109(2). -P. 150-158.
Bristow M.R. β-Adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure//Circulation. -2000. -Vol. 101. -P. 558-569.
Диденко М.В., Шорохов К.Н., Хубулава Г.Г. Современные принципы физиологической электрокардиостимуляции//Вестник аритмологии. -2007. -№ 48. -С. 58-65.
Schaldach M., Urbaszek A., Strobel J. et al. Rate-adaptive pacing using a closed-loop stimulation, autonomic nervous system controlled pacemaker//J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -1995. -Vol. 3. -P. 22-32.
Levine B., Kalman J., Mayer L. et al. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure//N. Engl. J. Med. -1990. -Vol. 323(4). -P. 236-241.
Torre-Amione G. Immune activation in chronic heart failure//Am. J. Cardiol. -2005. -Vol. 95. -P. 3C-8C.
Vonhof S., Brost B., Stille-Siegener M. et al. Monocyte activation in congestive heart failure due to coronary artery disease and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy//Int. J. Cardiol. -1998. -Vol. 63(3). -P. 237-244.
Carswell E.A., Old L.J., Kassel R.L. et al. An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumor//Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. -1975. -Vol. 72. -P. 3666-3670.
Levine B., Kalman J., Mayer L. et al. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure//N. Engl. J. Med. -1990. -Vol. 323. -P. 236-241.
Беленков Ю.Н., Агеев Ф.Т., Мареев В.Ю. Нейрогормоны и цитокины при сердечной недостаточности: новая теория старого заболевания?//Сердечная недостаточностью -2000. -№ 1(4). -С. 135-138.
Von Haehling S., Jankowska E.A., Anker S.D. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and the failing heart: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications//Basic Res. Cardiol. -2004. -Vol. 99(1). -P. 18-28.
Irwin M.W., Mak S., Mann D.L. et al. Tissue expression and immunolocalization of tumor necrosis factor-α in postinfarction dysfunctional myocardium//Circulation. -1999. -Vol. 99. -P. 1492-1498.
Zhao S.P., Xu T.D. Elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha of blood mononuclear cells in patients with congestive heart failure//Int. J. Cardiol. -1999. -Vol. 71(3). -P. 257-261.
Moore K., O’Garra A., de Wall Malefyt R. et al. Interleukin-10//Ann. Rev. Immunol. -1993. -Vol. 11. -P. 165-171.
Singh K., Sirokman G., Communal C. et al. Myocardial osteopontin expression coincides with the development of heart failure//Hypertension. -1999. -Vol. 33. -P. 663-670.
Graf K., Do Y.S., Ashizawa N. et al. Myocardial osteopontin expression is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy//Circulation. -1997. -Vol. 96. -P. 3063-3071.
Xie Z., Singh M., Singh K. Osteopontin modulates myocardial hypertrophy in response to chronic pressure overload in mice//Hypertension. -2004. -Vol. 44. -P. 826-831.
Williams E.B., Halpert I., Wickline S. et al. Osteopontin expression is increased in the heritable cardiomyopathy of Syrian hamsters//Circulation. -1995. -Vol. 92. -P. 705709.
Komatsubara I., Murakami T., Kusachi S. et al. Spatially and temporally different expression of osteonectin and osteopontin in the infarct zone of experimentally induced myocardial infarction in rats//Cardiovasc. Pathol. -2003. -Vol. 12. -P. 186-194.
Rosenberg M., Zugck C., Nelles M. et al. Osteopontin, a new prognostic biomarker in patients with chronic heart failure//Circ. Heart Fail. -2008. -Vol. 1(1). -P. 43-49.
Stawowy P., Blaschke F., Pfautsch P. et al. Increased myocardial expression of osteopontin in patients with advanced heart failure//Eur. J. Heart Fail. -2002. -Vol. 4. -P. 139-146.
Satoh M., Nakamura M., Akatsu T. et al. Myocardial osteopontin expression is associated with collagen fibrillogenesis in human dilated cardiomyopathy//Eur. J. Heart Fail. -2005. -Vol. 7. -P. 755-762.
Suezawa C., Kusachi S., Murakami T. et al. Time dependent changes in plasma osteopontin levels in patients with anteriorwall acute myocardial infarction after successful reperfusion: correlation with left-ventricular volume and function//J. Lab. Clin. Med. -2005. -Vol. 145. -P. 33-40.
Kotlyar E., Vita J.A., Winter M.R. et al. The relationship between aldosterone, oxidative stress, and inflammation in chronic, stable human heart failure//J. Card. Fail. -2006. -Vol. 12. -P. 122-127.
Okamoto H. Osteopontin and the cardiovascular system//Mol. Cell. Biochem. -2007. -Vol. 300. -P. 1-7.
Bozkurt B., Kribbs S.B., Clubb F.J. et al. Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-a promote progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats//Circulation. -1998. -Vol. 97. -P. 1382-1391.
Kapadia S.R., Oral H., Lee J. et al. Hemodynamic regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α gene and protein expression in adult feline myocardium//Circ. Res. -1997. -Vol. 81. -P. 187-195.
Anker S.D., Egerer K., Volk H.-D. et al. Elevated soluble CD 14 receptors and altered cytokines in chronic heart failure//Am. J. Cardiol. -1997. -Vol. 79. -P. 1426-1430.
Neibauer J., Volk H.-D., Kemp M. et al. Endotoxin and immune activation in heart failure: a prospective cohort study//Lancet. -1999. -Vol. 353. -P. 1838-1842.
Peschel T., Anker S.D., Ziegenbalg K. et al. Endotoxemia in congestive heart failure: highest levels in hepatic veins suggestive of intestinal bacterial and/or endotoxin translocation//Eur. J. Heart Fail. -2000. -Vol. 2 (Suppl. 2). -P. 22/10452.
Peschel T. Invasive assessment of bacterial endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute heart failure//Eur. J. Heart Fail. -2003. -Vol. 5(5). -P. 609-614.
Torre-Amione G., Kapadia S., Benedict C. et al. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from of SOLVd//J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -1996. -Vol. 27. -P. 1201-1206.
Gurlek A., Kilikcap M., Dandachi R. et al. Tumor necrosis factoralpha in diastolic heart failure//Eur. J. Heart Fail. -2000. -Vol. 2 (Suppl. 2). -P. 28/10381.
Anker S.D., Engerer K.R., Volk H.D. et al. Elevated soluble CD14 receptors and altered cytokines in chronic heart failure//Am. J. Cardiol. -1997. -Vol. 79(10). -P. 1426-1430.
Randow F., Syrbe U., Meisel C. et al. Mechanism of endotoxin desensitization: involvement of interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta//J. Exp. Med. -1995. -Vol. 181. -P. 1887-1892.
Sharma R., Bolger A., Rauchhaus M. et al. Cellular endotoxin desensitization in patients with severe chronic heart failure//Eur. J. Heart Fail. -2005. -Vol. 7(5). -P. 865-868.
Genth-Zotz S., von Haehling S., Bolger A.P. et al. Pathophysiologic quantities of endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor-αlpha release in whole blood from patients with chronic heart failure//Am. J. Cardiol. -2002. -Vol. 90(11). -P. 1226-1230.
Fan H., Kuck J.A. Review: Molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance//J. Endotoxin Research. -2004. -Vol. 10(2). -P. 71-84.
Frantz S., Kobzik L., Kim Y.D. et al. Toll4 (TLR4) expression in cardiac myocytes in normal and failing myocardium//J. Gin. Invest. -1999. -Vol. 104. -P. 271-280.
Brown J.M., Grosso M.A., Terada L.S. et al. Endotoxin pretreatment increases endogenous myocardial catalase activity and decreases ischemia-reperfusion injury of isolated rat hearts//Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. -1989. -Vol. 86. -P. 2516-2520.
Yao Z., Auchampach J.A., Pieper G.M. et al. Cardioprotective effects of monophosphoryl lipid-A, a novel endotoxin analogue, in dog//Cardiovasc. Res. -1993. -Vol. 27. -P. 832-838.
Li C., Ha T., Kelley J. et al. Modulating Toll-like receptor mediated signaling by (1->3)-β-D-glucan rapidly induces cardioprotection//Cardiovasc. Res. -2003. -Vol. 61. -P. 538-547.
Li C., Browder W., Kao R.L. Early activation of transcription factor NF-kB during ischemia in perfused rat heart//Am. J. Physiol. -1999. -Vol. 276. -P. H543-H552.
Oyama J., Blais C. Jr., Liu X. et al. Reduced myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in Toll-like receptor 4-deficient mice//Circulation. -2004. -Vol. 109. -P. 784-789.
Hua F., Ha T., Ma J. et al. Protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in TLR4 deficient mice is mediated through a phosphoinositide 3-kinase dependent mechanism//J. Immunol. -2007. -Vol. 178. -P. 7317-7324.
Morishita R., Sugimoto T., Aoki M. et al. In vivo transfection of cis element ‘decoy’ against nuclear factor-kappaB binding site prevents myocardial infarction//Nat. Med. -1997. -Vol. 3. -P. 894-899.
Аниховская И.А., Кубатиев А.А., Яковлев М.Ю. Эндотоксиновая теория атеросклероза//Физиология человека. -2015. -Т. 41(1). -С. 1-11.
Ishida K., Kimura F., Imamaki M. Relation of inflammatory cytokines to atrial fibrillation after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting//Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. -2006. -Vol. 29. -P. 501-505.
Bruins P., te Velthuis H., Yazdanbakhsh A.P. et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia//Circulation. -1997. -Vol. 96. -P. 3542-3548.
Abdelhadi R.H., Gurm H.S., van Wagoner D.R. et al. Relation of an exaggerated rise in white blood cells after coronary bypass or cardiac valve surgery to development of atrial fibrillation postoperatively//Am. J. Cardiol. -2004. -Vol. 93. -P. 1176-1178.
Aviles R.J., Martin D.O., Apperson-Hansen C. et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation//Circulation. -2003. -Vol. 108. -P. 3006-3010.
Chung M.K., Martin D.O., Sprecher D. et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation//Circulation. -2001. -Vol. 104. -P. 2886-2891.
Conway D.S., Buggins P., Hughes E. et al. Prognostic significance of raised plasma levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in atrial fibrillation//Am. Heart J. -2004. -Vol. 148. -P. 462-466.
Conway D.S., Buggins P., Hughes E. et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein to the prothrombotic state in chronic atrial fibrillation//J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -2004. -Vol. 43. -P. 2075-2082.
Ellinor P.T., Low A., Patton K.K. et al. C-reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation//Am. J. Cardiol. -2006. -Vol. 97. -P. 1346-1350.
Rotter M., Jais P., Vergnes M.C. et al. Decline in C-reactive protein after successful ablation of long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation//J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -2006. -Vol. 47. -P. 1231-1233.
Dernellis J., Panaretou M. C-reactive protein and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation//Acta Cardiol. -2001. -Vol. 56. -P. 375-380.
Wazni O.M., Martin D.O., Marrouche N.F. et al. C-reactive protein concentration and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion//Heart. -2005. -Vol. 91. -P. 1303-1305.
Goette A., Arndt M., Rocken C. et al. Calpains and cytokines in fibrillating human atria//Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. -2002. -Vol. 283. -P. H264-H272.
Madrid A.H. Atrial fibrillation and C-reactive protein//J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -2007. -Vol. 49. -P. 1649-1650.
Watson T., Kakar P., Lip G.Y. Cardioversion for atrial fibrillation: does inflammation matter?//Am. J. Cardiol. -2007. -Vol. 99. -P. 1617-1618.
Murray D.R., Freeman G.L. Proinflammatory cytokines. Predictors of a failing heart?//Circulation. -2003. -Vol. 107. -P. 1460-1462.
Haissaguerre M., Shah D.C., Jais P. et al. Mapping-guided ablation of pulmonary veins to cure atrial fibrillation//Am. J. Cardiol. -2000. -Vol. 86. -P. K9-K19.
Fromer M., Genton C., Schlaepfer J. et al. Is there an isolated arrhythmogenic right atrial myocarditis?//Eur. Heart J. -1990. -Vol. 11. -P. 566-571.
Frustaci A., Chimenti C., Bellocci F. et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation//Circulation. -1997. -Vol. 96. -P. 1180-1184.
Korantzopoulos P., Kolettis T., Siogas K. et al. Atrial fibrillation and electrical remodeling: the potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress//Med. Sci. Monit. -2003. -Vol. 9. -P. RA225-RA229.
Ishii Y., Schuessler R.B., Gaynor S.L. et al. Inflammation of atrium after cardiac surgery is associated with inhomogeneity of atrial conduction and atrial fibrillation//Circulation. -2005. -Vol. 111. -P. 2881-2888.
Shiroshita-Takeshita A., Schram G., Lavoie J. et al. Effect of simvastatin and antioxidant vitamins on atrial fibrillation promotion by atrial-tachycardia remodeling in dogs//Circulation. -2004. -Vol. 110. -P. 2313-2319.
Liuba I., Ahlmroth H., Jonasson L. et al. Source of inflammatory markers in patients with atrial fibrillation//Europace. -2008. -Vol. 10(7). -P. 848-853.
Waldo A.L. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation//J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. -2003. -Vol. 14. -P. S267-S274.
Halonen J., Halonen P., Jarvinen O. et al. Corticosteroids for the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery. A Randomized Controlled Trial//J. Am. Med. Ass. -2007. -Vol. 297. -P. 1562-1567.
Dantzer R. Cytokine-induced sickness behavior: mechanisms and implications//Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. -2001. -Vol. 933. -P. 222-234.
Mann D.L. Inflammatory mediators and the failing heart: past, present, and the foreseeable future//Circ. Res. -2002. -Vol. 91. -P. 988-998.
Mann D.L. Stress-activated cytokines and the heart: from adaptation to maladaptation//Ann. Rev. Physiol. -2003. -Vol. 65. -P. 81-101.
Packer M. Neurohormonal interactions and adaptations in congestive heart failure//Circulation. -1988. -Vol. 77. -P. 721-730.
Packer M. Role of the sympathetic nervous system in chronic heart failure: a historical and philosophical perspective//Circulation. -1990. -Vol. 82, Suppl. I. -P. I1-I6.
Chung E.S., Packer M., Lo K.H. et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-αlpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial//Circulation. -2003. -Vol. 107. -P. 3133-3140.
Cohn J.N., Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure//N. Engl. J. Med. -2001. -Vol. 345. -P. 1667-1675.
Mann D.L., McMurray J.J., Packer M. et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL)//Circulation. -2004. -Vol. 109. -P. 1594-1602.
Cohn J.N., Pfeffer M.A., Rouleau J. et al. Adverse mortality effect of central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in patients with heart failure (MOXCON)//Eur. J. Heart Fail. -2003. -Vol. 5. -P. 659-667.
Guz A. Chairman’s Introduction//The physiological basis of starling’s law of the heart/edited by R. Porter and D.W. Fitzsimons. -Amsterdam: Associated Scientific Publishers, 1974. -P. 1-6.
Lakatta E.G. Age-related alterations in the cardiovascular response to adrenergic mediated stress//Fed. Proc. -1980. -Vol. 39. -P. 3173-3177.
Lakatta E.G., Gerstenblith G., Angell C.S. et al. Diminished inotropic response of aged myocardium to catecholamines//Circulation. -1975. -Vol. 36. -P. 262-269.
Poliner L.R., Dehmer G.J., Lewis S.E. et al. Left ventricular performance in normal subjects: A comparison of the responses to exercise in the upright and supine positions//Circulation. -1980. -Vol. 62. -P. 528-534.
Rodeheffer R.J., Gerstenblith G., Beard E. et al. Postural changes in cardiac volumes in men in relation to adult age//Exp. Gerontol. -1986. -Vol. 21. -P. 367-378.
Granath A., Jonsson B., Strandell T. Circulation in healthy old men studied by right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise in supine and sitting position//Acta Med. Scand. -1964. -Vol. 169. -P. 125-126.
Rodeheffer R.J., Gerstenblith G., Becker L.C. et al. Exercise cardiac output is maintained with advancing age in healthy human subjects: Cardiac dilatation and increased stroke volume compensate for a diminished heart rate//Circulation. -1984. -Vol. 69. -P. 203-213.
Braunwald E., Ross J., Jr. Applicability of Starling’s law of the heart to man//Circ. Res. -1964. -Vol. 15. -P. 169-181.
Schwinger R.H., Bohm M., Koch A. et al. The failing human heart is unable to use the Frank-Starling mechanism//Circ. Res. -1994. -Vol. 74. -P. 959-969.
Holubarsch C., Ruf T., Goldstein D.J. et al. Existence of the Frank-Starling mechanism in the failing human heart: investigations on the organ, tissue, and sarcomere levels//Circulation. -1996. -Vol. 94. -P. 683-689.
Jacob R., Dierberger B., Kissling G. Functional significance of the Frank-Starling mechanism under physiological and pathophysiological conditions//Eur. Heart J. -1992. -Vol. 13. -P. 7-14.
Berk B.C., Fujiwara K., Lehoux S. ECM remodeling in hypertensive heart disease//J. Clin. Invest. -2007. -Vol. 117. -P. 568-575.
Warren C.M., Jordan M.C., Roos K.P. et al. Titin isoform expression in normal and hypertensive myocardium//Cardiovas. Res. -2003. -Vol. 59. -P. 86-94.
Borbely A., van der Velden J., Papp Z. et al. Cardiomyocyte stiffness in diastolic heart failure//Circulation. -2005. -Vol. 111. -P. 774-781.
Neagoe C., Kulke M., del Monte F. et al. Titin isoform switch in ischemic human heart disease//Circulation. -2002. -Vol. 106. -P. 1333-1341.
Fuchs F., Martyn D.A. Length-dependent Ca2+ activation in cardiac muscle: some remaining questions//J. Muscle Res. & Cell Motility. -2005. -Vol. 26. -P. 199-212.

Еще

Статья научная