On the subject of functional-semantic classification of means introducing direct speech in a text and its application in the study of the poetics of fiction. Part 1

In the article the functional-semantic classification of the means of the Russian language that introduce audible speech and unspoken thought in a text is proposed. This classification takes into account the existing approaches to the taxonomy of lexemes (primarily verbs) that introduce direct speech in Russian texts, and is based on the review of works on the semantic and stylistic characteristics of words capable of framing speech in a narrative. In addition to verbs, the classification includes Russian nouns capable of introducing direct speech alone or in collocations, as well as phraseological units. The key feature of the classification is the use of not only semantic but also functional-pragmatic basis for the grouping of linguistic means: in addition to neutral denotations, within each semantic class nominations with internal qualification of direct speech (characterizing the speaker's state and his attitude to the addressee) and with external qualification of speech (conveying the narrator's or external observer's evaluation of the phrase and its modal subject) are distinguished. The application of such classification in text analysis allows us to reveal the role of means introducing speech in the formation of narrative perspective and emotional density of the dialogic frame. The data of the National Corpus of the Russian Language are used as material. The article also presents the results of the application of the proposed classification in the linguistic study of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel “Crime and Punishment”, which allow us to substantiate the known and identify some new phenomena in this classic text.