Methods of diagnosis in cardio-oncology

Early diagnosis and advances in treatment have led to improved survival of patients with cancer, but have also increased morbidity and mortality due to treatment side effects. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the most frequent of these side effects. As a result of the direct effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy on heart and vessels сan be: acceleration of atherosclerosis, damage of cardiomyocytes and endothelium, and arterial and venous thrombosis. The direct effect of the cancer treatment on the heart is called cardiotoxicity. Early diagnosis and identification of patients at high risk of cardiotoxicity is the first step towards successful prevention of CVD in cancer patients without compromising cancer care, which ultimately leads to a reduction in mortality. Echocardiography is the method of choice for the detection of myocardial dysfunction during and after cancer therapy. New methods of imaging like three-dimensional echocardiography, speckle-tracking echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance show a higher sensitivity in detecting of early myocardial dysfunction during cancer therapy. This review outlines the main diagnostic algorithms and approaches used in cardio-oncology.