Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in clinical practice

The review is dedicated to the use of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in clinical practice. Main modes of CPET, most popular protocols and testing methods are discussed in details. Ample space is dedicated to main parameters measuring during CPET, their physiological values and changes in different pathological states. Main indications for CPET are presented and special attention is given to the use of CPET in chronic heart failure, apnea, lung diseases, skeletal muscle fiber and mitochondrial myopathy, rehabilitation. Emerging applications of CPET like congenital heart disease, pulmonary resection and several other are also discussed.