Китайская промышленная архитектура середины – конца XIX века: формирование гибридного стиля в контексте межкультурного взаимодействия

This article aims to identify the cultural significance of Chinese industrial architecture from the mid-to-late 19th century, considered as an autonomous hybrid phenomenon. The study draws on surviving industrial buildings from the mid- to late-19th century, including the Jiangnan Machinery Factory, the Jinling Machinery Factory, the Fuchou Arsenal, the Fufeng Flour Mill, and the Tianjin Printing House. Published academic articles and monographs in the fields of industrial history, the history of modern Chinese architecture, and the history of Chinese industrial construction were also consulted. Publicly available visual materials from online platforms, including historical photographs and contemporary images of the studied sites, were also used. The study employs a multi-stage analysis, combining historical contextualization, comparative case study, and architectural interpretation from the perspective of art philosophy. The sociohistorical context of the emergence of industrial buildings in China after the Opium Wars is examined, an analysis of the functional organization and forms of typical architectural objects is carried out, the façade decoration is studied, and a comparison with European analogues is made. The results demonstrate that the industrial architecture of this period was not a mechanical copy of European models. Traditional Chinese architectural and decorative motifs were retained or transformed in building structures, façade decoration, and symbolic elements, resulting in the formation of a hybrid style combining Chinese and Western features. This phenomenon was not solely an aesthetic choice. It reflected the cultural exchange and interaction between East and West, embodying the philosophical concept of "Traditional (Chinese) learning as the foundation, new (Western) learning as the application". Furthermore, it demonstrated the social practice of the time, which aimed to preserve cultural identity while limiting the adoption of Western technologies and institutional structures. Thus, industrial architecture became an important material indicator of the adoption of Western industrial civilization by Chinese culture at the level of practical rationality. The functional rationalism, structural efficiency, and standardized spaces characteristic of Western architecture gradually replaced traditional manufacturing production devices. The emergence of Western-style industrial buildings in China reflected the historical reality of its integration into the global industrial system and symbolized the beginning of the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society.