The concept of a multifactorial analysis of the stability of a railway company in the contextof changing demand for freight transportation

The modern logistics environment requires railway companies to be highly adaptable to changing demand and unstable market conditions. The sustainability of the transport industry is becoming a key factor in its competitiveness. The purpose of the study is to develop a multifactorial analytical model for assessing the sustainability of a railway company, which allows for comprehensive consideration of financial, operational, technological, environmental and social parameters. A systematic approach, quantitative analysis methods, and an assessment of international and Russian sustainability management practices in the railway sector were used as a methodological basis. The research analyzed approaches to improving financial stability, optimizing infrastructure and mobile components, as well as strategies for digital transformation and environmental development. Special attention is paid to mechanisms for minimizing operational and infrastructural risks, as well as the use of modern technologies such as IoT, big data and artificial intelligence to adapt to market fluctuations. A comparative analysis of the best management practices in conditions of unstable demand is carried out. As a result, a comprehensive sustainability assessment model has been formed, demonstrating the effectiveness of integrating digital, logistics and management solutions in increasing the adaptability of railway companies to external challenges. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of applying the model for strategic planning and increasing the competitiveness of transport operators.