Smoking and alcohol abuse as risk factors causing low-energy fractures in males suffering from primary osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a persistent social and medical issue taking into account moral and material losses related to bone fractures occurring against its background. The disease is more frequently examined in women than in men; still, according to EVOS (European Spinal Osteoporosis Study) 13.5 % men older than 50 and 26 % men older than 60 run high risks of fractures in case they have osteoporosis. Risk factors that cause both the disease itself and fractures as its complications have not been examined profoundly, even though men run 1.6 times higher risk of death after a fracture than women. There is an assumption that a reason for this higher mortality is lack of knowledge about risk factors that cause the disease and a fracture as one of its complications. Growing morbidity with osteoporosis among men indicates it is necessary to perform activities aimed at persuading them to pursue healthy lifestyle. Given that, it seems important to assess impacts exerted by smoking and alcohol abuse on risks of fractures among patients with primary osteoporosis bearing in mind prevention of the disease and fractures as its complications...