Levels of impact of the production environment for human

At work and at home accounts for at least 50% of a person's life. And it is in the course of work that a person is most at risk, since modern production is saturated with a variety of energy-intensive technical means.

Occupational safety is an integral part of the program of economic and social development of our society. In our country, much attention is paid to creating the necessary conditions for protecting the health of workers and the safety of their work. The common causes of occupational injuries and occupational diseases, according to the independent trade unions, are:

• 1.    physical wear of technological equipment;

• 2.    non-fulfillment by employers of the necessary organizational and technical measures to ensure safe working conditions;

• 3.    lack of necessary supervision and control over the safe conduct of work by their managers;

• 4.    absence of officials responsible for the state of labor protection;

• 5.    conducting work without the necessary technological documentation providing for labor protection measures;

• 6.    unsatisfactory organization of training and testing of employees' knowledge of labor protection rules; violation of the procedure for instructing employees;

• 7.    low technological and labor discipline.

Labor protection is a system of preserving the life and health of employees in the course of their work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, therapeutic and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures that form a mechanism for the implementation of the constitutional right of citizens to work in conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene.

Other measures should be understood as measures aimed at meeting the requirements of fire safety, industrial safety, etc. during the work of employees.

It should be noted that it cannot be identified with safety, industrial sanitation, occupational hygiene, because they are elements, its constituent parts.

Labor protection solves 4 main tasks:

• - Identification of hazardous and harmful production factors;

• -    Development of appropriate technical measures and means of protection against dangerous and harmful production factors;

• -    Development of organizational measures to ensure occupational safety and occupational safety management at the enterprise;

• -    Preparation for actions in conditions of manifestation of dangers.

One of the key concepts in the labor protection system is the concept of negative factors of the production environment.

Negative production factors arising in the work area are factors that have a negative effect on a person, causing deterioration of health, illness or injury.

The occurrence of negative factors is determined by such a property of the habitat (production environment) as danger. Danger is a property of the human environment that causes a negative effect on human life, leading to negative changes in the state of his health. The degree of changes in the state of health may vary depending on the level of danger. The extreme manifestation of danger may be the loss of life. Danger is the main concept in the safety of life, in particular in the safety of work. Human practice convinces that any activity is potentially dangerous and it is impossible to achieve absolute safety. This allows us to formulate the central axiom of safety - the axiom of the potential danger of life, according to which human life is potentially dangerous. This axiom determines that all human actions and the environment surrounding him, and above all technical means and technologies, in addition to positive properties and results, have the property of danger and are able to generate negative factors. Production activity is particularly dangerous, because in its process the greatest levels of negative factors arise.

Negative production factors are also commonly referred to as dangerous and harmful production factors, which are qualitatively divided into dangerous factors and harmful factors. A dangerous production factor is called such a production factor, the impact of which on a person leads to injury or a fatal (fatal) outcome. In this regard, OPF is also called a traumatic (traumatic) factor. These include moving machines and mechanisms, various lifting and transport devices and transported loads, electric current, flying particles of the processed material and tools, etc.

A harmful production factor is called such a production factor, the impact of which on a person leads to a deterioration in well-being or, with prolonged exposure, to disease. High or low air temperature in the working area, increased levels of noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, radiation, air pollution in the working area with dust, harmful gases, harmful microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, etc. can be attribute. There is a certain relationship between dangerous (traumatic) and harmful production factors. At high levels, they can become dangerous. Thus, excessively high concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area can lead to severe poisoning or even death.

The classification of hazardous and harmful production factors is important at the first stage of hazard identification. According to the impact on humans, dangerous and harmful production factors are divided into 4 groups:

• -    Physical;

• -    Chemical;

• -    Biological;

• -    Psychophysiological.

Physical factors include electric current, kinetic energy of moving machines and equipment or their parts, increased pressure of vapors or gases in vessels, unacceptable levels of noise, vibration, infra- and ultrasound, insufficient illumination, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, etc.

Chemical factors are substances harmful to the human body in various states.

Biological factors are the effects of various microorganisms, as well as plants and animals.

Psychophysiological factors are physical and emotional overload, mental overstrain, monotony of work.

Specific working conditions, as a rule, are characterized by a combination of negative factors and differ in the level of harmful factors and the risk of dangerous ones. The most dangerous jobs in industrial enterprises include:

• -    installation and dismantling of heavy equipment;

• -    transportation of cylinders with compressed gases, containers with acids, alkalis, alkali metals and other dangerous substances;

• -    repair, construction and installation work at height, as well as on the roof;

• -    repair and maintenance work on electrical installations and electrical networks under voltage;

• -    earthworks in the area of the location of energy networks;

• -    work in wells, tunnels, trenches, chimneys, melting and heating furnaces, bunkers, mines, chambers;

• -    installation, dismantling and repair of lifting cranes;

• -    pneumatic testing of pressure vessels and containers, as well as a number of other works.

The most harmful works can be attributed to the use of harmful substances, with the release of such substances in the technological process, with the use of various types of radiation. For example, such works include:

• -    works in which vibration is used in the technological process (work with jackhammers, perforators, work on knockout grilles, etc.);

• -    work in electroplating and etching shops and departments;

• -    works at metallurgical and chemical enterprises, coal and uranium mines;

• -    works using ionizing radiation sources, etc.

Hazardous production factors can lead to injury, accident, and prolonged exposure to harmful production factors can lead to occupational disease.

Trauma is damage in the human body caused by the action of environmental factors. Depending on the type of traumatic factor, there are mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, mental, combined, etc. injuries, as well as industrial and domestic injuries.

An accident is an unexpected and unplanned event accompanied by injury.

Occupational disease is a disease caused by the impact of harmful production factors on a person in the course of work. For example, prolonged exposure to vibration can cause vibration pain, noise - hearing loss, radiation -radiation sickness, etc. Occupational safety is a state of work activity that provides an acceptable level of its risk. The concept of industrial safety is applicable for production activities.

Industrial safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means that prevent the likelihood of exposure to hazardous production factors arising in the work area during the course of activity.

In the work area, it is necessary to ensure such levels of negative factors that do not cause deterioration of human health, diseases. To exclude irreversible changes in the human body, medical hygienists limit the impact of negative factors to safety standards. The existing safety standards are divided into two large groups: the maximum permissible concentrations characterizing the safe content of harmful substances of chemical and biological nature in the air of the working area, as well as the maximum permissible levels of exposure to various dangerous and harmful factors of physical nature (noise, vibration, ultra- and infrasound, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, etc.)