Medical Practice Between Practical Dilemmas, the Demand for Humanization, and Patient Care

The coupling of modernity with industrialization in the 19th and early 20th centuries led to a major turning point in the his tory of Western thought. This transformation was not merely a chronological shift, but rather a silent unraveling of the dreams of philosophical reason, which had taken shape through a specific historical process since the Enlightenment. Within this contex t, Nietzsche described the transformation as a fall into nihilism, or the collapse of grand narratives and their loss of ability to guide human action after having once constituted the core of human existence. Karl Marx expressed this condition as the alienation of man from himself. Even amid this collapse, a broad current emerged rejecting philosophy, its methods, and its claims argu ing that traditional philosophy had failed to offer radical solutions to the major problems faced by humanity and society. As a result, there was a shift toward more powerful and reliable scientific alternatives to overcome this impasse, replacing philosop hical inquiry with the pursuit of solid scientific knowledge. This coincided with the emergence of what became known as the discourses of "endings": the end of the world, the end of history, the end of philosophy, and even the end of culture and humanity i tself. Thus, as the 20th century drew to a close, it became evident that the philosophical project, which once aspired to imbue existence with a humanistic dimension, had encountered a profound failure the rational dream had turned into an existential ques tion about the limits of reason itself and the fate of humankind in a world that had lost its compass of meaning.