Medical terminology in Kyrgyz and Turkish languages

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice

UDC 881.1                                         

When learning medical terms, we start by asking what words are terms and what functions they serve. The term is a special word, word list used to carry out the professional activity of people in various fields of science, technology, and production. These are individual, unique names of concepts in science, technology, and industry. The term comes from Latin and means “limit”.

Terms are defined as words or phrases used to specify specific concepts and are distinguished from professional words by the following feature:

• 1.    Absence of multiple importance, transitory importance, expressiveness in the terms, namely, one term in the field of one science or technology should express only one concept and have only one meaning;

• 2.    The terms are adapted to the linguistic laws and rules to accurately name this or that concept, are specially developed on the basis of lexical models and are officially adopted by state or scientific institutions.

Basically, medical terms in Kyrgyz linguistics are divided into two groups: a) Terms obtained through translation (боль-оору, больница-оорукана, бейтапкана; больное место-ооруган жер); b) Terms from the mother tongue(болезнь-оору, кесел, илдет, дарт, сыркоо, тумоо, ноокастоо, ылаң жана башкалар).

It is a pity that dictionaries of medical terms, although created by a group of scientists, are not actually used in the state language. Of course, learning the terms takes a lot of time.

Scientists who studied Kyrgyz terminology for the first time K. Tynystanov, I. Arabaev, Zh. Shukurbekov, K. K. Yudakhin, B. M. Yunusaliev. Among them, Ishenaaly Arabaev and Kasym Tynystanov were the first teachers to scientifically study this term. After that, academician Kuseyin Karasaev and especially Japar Shukurov studied the issue of terms of Kyrgyz linguistics and developed their rules and features. It is very important to study the terms that are the language of science at that time, it is one of the most important practical and theoretical issues, such as the further development of this scientific direction, the development and creation of the theoretical foundations of scientific terms, the preparation of translation, explanation, terminological dictionaries, and the precise development of their rules [1].

In 1936, according to the instructions of the scientific research institute of language and writing under the People's Commissariat of the Kyrgyz SSR, "Kyrgyz and Russian Dictionary of Anatomy and Physiology Terms" was planned to be adapted for Kyrgyz secondary schools. This dictionary was published in Kazan in 1939 by D. J. Cholponkulov [2].

Before the October Revolution, the Kyrgyz language served only as a tool for oral communication, but now it is the state language; has its own writing, has become a literary language, is used in all fields of production: in science, technology and other areas, and is enriching its vocabulary. We can also say that the main goal of enriching the Kyrgyz vocabulary is to bring medical terms to the Kyrgyz audience and use them in our mother tongue, in activities, and everyday life. Unfortunately, with the expansion of the medical field, most of the terms are used in the Kyrgyz language through the Russian language. Examples of this include: акушер, ангина, аптека, больница, врач, гигиена, гинеколог, глюкоза, госпиталь, грелка, диагноз, диета, диспансер, донор, инфекция, клизма, клиника, кодеин, коклюш, массаж, медицина, медпункт, микроб, окулист, прививка, санаторий, санитар, сестра, терапия, укол, фельдшер, хирург, шприц, экзема жана башкалар [3].

But we can note the fact that there are scientific papers that describe the condition of patients and the names of diseases in the true Kyrgyz language. For example, terms such as toxicosis, pregnancy [4, 7].

The largest work on medical terms in the Kyrgyz language is the "Health" encyclopedia. In this encyclopedia, a brief overview of disease-related words in the Kyrgyz language is given, and 1406 articles are written on the meaning of each term. It provides advice on maintaining and improving health, preventing various diseases, caring for children, maintaining personal hygiene, the importance of physical education, caring for the sick, providing first aid in life-threatening and other situations. This encyclopedia was created under the guidance of the terminological commission of the USSR and explained the meaning of international terms borrowed from the Russian language in the Kyrgyz language [5].

Each term is closely related to the development of world science. Since the beginning of the Soviet period, Kyrgyz medicine has been developing in a new scientific way. Along with medicine, medical terms also started introducing news to the society. It is difficult to imagine medical science without medical terms. Most of the terms used today have been adopted from foreign languages. In other words, it is the etymology of Latin, Greek, Iranian, German, English and Russian. The deep spread of medical terms in these languages is closely related to the high level of development of medical science nowadays.

The study of words related to disease in Turkish corresponds to the 40-50s of the last century. The development of medical terms in Turkic languages mainly included a plan for creating a lexicographic work. At first, dictionaries dedicated to this disease were published in Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uzbek, and Kazakh and Azerbaijani languages. Professor T. Tokoev analyzed names of medical terms and words in Mahmud Kashkari's dictionary in Turkish languages. It analyzes the words found in the dictionary, such as — үзүз, кызламук, кезиг, сарыг, тубулгак, учгуг, исиклик, без, ириң, карт, чыпкан, өмген [6].

Table

THE NAME OF MEDICAL TERMS FROM THE DICTIONARY MAHMUD KASHGARI'S - "Divanu lugati at-Turk"

Etymology is a science that teaches the origin of words, their changes, and the relationship between them. The terms which used in Kyrgyz language are the etymology of the Turkish language, and it confirmed from the dictionary "Divan lugat at-turk" by Mahmud Kashkari.

Studying the terms of medicine, creating the first terminology and taking up the purpose of using them in the Kyrgyz audience, introduces the spread of the development of the state language.