The role of defense versions in the classification system of forensic versions

The position of defense versions in classification system of forensic versions is considered in the article. It is noted that despite the existence of developed systems for classifying versions, defense versions remain insufficiently studied, which makes it difficult to integrate them into general version structure. New classifications of defense versions taking into account the subjects who set them out (investigators, prosecutors, judges, defense attorneys, and the accused) as well as the principle of logical contradiction (main versions, counter-versions, and alternative versions) are formulated by the author. This study aims to develop new categories for systematizing such versions to enhance the objectivity and comprehensiveness of criminal proceedings. Counter-versions are divided into abstract and substantive, while alternative versions are defined as assumptions that clarify case circumstances or offense qualification. The typology of ten groups of defense versions including assumptions about alibis, insignificance of the act, and the necessary defense is developed by the author. The practical value of the proposed system is supported by judicial practice examples, demonstrating its effectiveness in achieving justice in criminal cases.