Pronominal adverb Zde and its derivatives in Russian dialects of Karelia and adjacent regions

There is a large number of pronominal adverbs representing particular clusters - lexemes, formed by means of agglutination of ancient primary elements - particules under the influence of the Wackernagel’s law found in dialects of Karelia and adjacent regions. The paper studies structural and semantic characteristics of the adverb zde and its derivatives zdes’a, zdeka, zdekava etc., fixed in the “Dictionary of the Russian dialects of Karelia and adjacent regions” and the “Dictionary of the Russian national dialects” from the point of synchronous and diachronous approaches. The study shows that lexemes formed on the basis of the particule se/sb as an indicator of certainty, consist of two, three, four or five components. An archaic form zde (zd’o, zdi) is a two-component cluster that functioned in the ancient Russian language and is encapsulated in the dialect speech. Structurally more complex lexemes appear in the dialects through the attachment of formants -s’a (-s’), -ka (-ku, -ko, -tka, -tko), -ne, -va etc. The third, the fourth and the fifth components are desemantised; the formant -s’a (-s’), apparently, is an exception. The attaching particules bare a stressing and highlighting function. The three-component clusters were formed in the Old-Russian period; the four- and the five-component clusters were formed later. There is a tendency of adding the fifth component -to to the adverbs (zdes’aka-to, zdes’atko-to), but new lexemes are not formed.