Метанообразование в рубце и методы его снижения с использованием алиментарных факторов (обзор)

Метанообразование в рубце и методы его снижения с использованием алиментарных факторов (обзор)

Автор: Боголюбова Н.В., Зеленченкова А.А., Колесник Н.С., Лахонин П.Д.

Журнал: Сельскохозяйственная биология @agrobiology

Рубрика: Обзоры, проблемы

Статья в выпуске: 6 т.57, 2022 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Метан - один из важных парниковых газов, обладающий более высоким потенциалом глобального потепления, чем углекислый газ. Сельское хозяйство, особенно животноводство, считается крупнейшим сектором производства антропогенного метана. Среди домашнего скота жвачные животные являются основными источниками метана. Производство и выбросы метана жвачными животными в мире увеличиваются с увеличением численности жвачных животных, что помогает удовлетворить потребности в питательных веществах растущего населения во всем мире. В рубце жвачных преобладает гидрогенотрофный сценарий метаногенеза - непрерывного процесса, осуществляемого археями, при котором метан образуется в результате реакции водорода и углекислого газа. За последние 50 лет опубликованы результаты огромного количества исследований, которые улучшили понимание сложных процессов ферментации рубца и метаногенеза у жвачных животных, а также средств, с помощью которых можно измерить и снизить выработку метана в организме жвачных (K.A. Beauchemin с соавт., 2020). Все известные стратегии по снижению образования метана в организме жвачных животных можно разделить на две группы. Первая группа объединяет стратегии управления процессом с помощью рационов и других факторов, влияющих на микрофлору рубца. Качество, способ подготовки кормов, соотношение концентрированных и грубых кормов в рационе влияют на выбросы метана. Некоторые корма могут повышать выработку пропионата или снижать выработку ацетата, уменьшая концентрацию водорода в рубце, который будет преобразован в метан. К кормовым стратегиям также относят использование модификаторов - кормовых добавок, которые прямо или косвенно ингибируют метаногенез, и осуществление биологического контроля (дефаунизация, применение препаратов бактериоцинов, бактериофагов, иммунизация), направленные на снижение содержания метаногенов. Ко второй группе стратегий можно отнести повышение продуктивности животных за счет генетических и других факторов. Повышение продуктивности позволит снизить образование метана в организме на единицу продукции (мяса или молока) (M. Islam с соавт., 2019). Применение кормовых факторов различной природы (жировые добавки, органические кислоты, пробиотики, ионофоры, фитогеники) может служить стратегией для снижения метанообразования в организме жвачных (M. Wanapat с соавт., 2021; R.D. Marques с соавт., 2021; S.H. Kim с соавт., 2020). Манипуляции с питанием представляют собой упрощенный и прагматичный подход, который может обеспечить более высокую продуктивность животных и снижение уровня выбросов данного газа (M.D. Najmul с соавт., 2018). В обзоре, наряду с описанием процесса метаногенеза, обобщаются результаты современных исследований по вопросу влияния на образование метана в организме жвачных различных алиментарных факторов (структура и состав рационов, применение фитогеников - сапонинов, танинов, флавоноидов и эфирных масел). Тип рациона, качество объемистых и концентрированных кормов, их химический состав, соотношение, подготовка к скармливанию влияют на выбросы метана в организме жвачных. При этом многообещающим подходом к смягчению выделения метана служит добавление небольшого количества зерна в грубые корма и скармливание кормов высокого качества, использование корма с меньшим содержанием клетчатки и более высоким содержанием растворимых углеводов. Использование фитогеников (кормовых добавок, произведенных из различных ботанических частей растений) - дешевый и экологичный способ снижения образования парниковых газов. Это также положительно влияет на резистентность животных. В литературе представлены довольно немногочисленные работы по изучению in vitro эффективности применения флавоноидов и других вторичных метаболитов растений для снижения эмиссии метана. Полученные результаты вариабельны и зависят от вида фитогеника, его характеристик, рациона животных. Требуется проведение исследований in vivo, в том числе для установления оптимальных дозировок фитогеников, дающих положительные результаты. Актуальным и перспективным представляется комбинирование различных фитогеников. Необходим комплексный подход к снижению газообразования в организме жвачных при одновременном сохранении активности ферментации, процессов переваривания и усвоения питательных веществ кормов.

Еще

Жвачные, парниковые газы, метаногенез, качество рациона, структура рациона, фитогеники, сапонины, танины, флавоноиды, эфирные масла

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/142237375

IDR: 142237375   |   DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2022.6.1025rus

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