Milk productivity, composition and properties of cows milk of various lines in the conditions of the Oryol region

Introduction. Milk is one of the most important human food products. In our country, as in many other countries, mainly cow's milk is used. In our country, it makes up about 95% of the total amount of milk consumed by the population. In 2020, the consumption of dairy products in the Russian Federation (in terms of raw milk) may reach 34.8 million tons. Since 2016, consumption has increased by about 1 million tons. This trend is expected to continue and another 1 million tonnes may be added over the next five years. At the same time, in terms of per capita consumption, the Russian Federation is still seriously lagging behind the countries of the European Union. Thus, the consumption of butter in the Russian Federation is 2.8 kg per person per year, cheese - 6.4 kg, while in the EU these figures are 4 kg and 20.2 kg, respectively [1].

The Oryol region as a manufacturer of high-quality dairy products has significant unrealized potential and many competitive advantages, which include favorable natural and climatic conditions, a good level of transport and energy infrastructure, free production facilities, and qualified personnel [2].

Milk processing is actively developing in the Oryol Region. So, in 2019, a large complex for processing the milk of the Syrobogatov company was opened in Oryol, using milk mainly from local livestock enterprises and farms. At the same time, 57 agricultural organizations and 47 private subsidiary plots are engaged in dairy cattle breeding in the region, all of which contain 32 thousand dairy cows [3].

To actualize the production potential of the dairy subcomplex and further develop the Oryol region as a processing cluster, it is necessary to carry out comprehen- sive studies to study the composition and properties of milk from cows of various origins to identify the most promising genotypes [4, 5, 6, 7].

Along with the improvement of the fodder base and the technological aspects of dairy farming, the increase in the productivity of the dairy herd and improvement of technical qualities of the milk produced will allow the region to take its rightful place in the Russian dairy food market [8, 9, 10, 11].

This work aimed to study milk productivity, composition, and properties of milk of black-and-white cows of various linear affiliation, bred in the Oryol region.

The objectives of the study were to determine the indicators of milk productivity, the qualitative composition of milk, and the physicochemical properties of milk from cows of various lines of black-and-white Holstein cattle bred in the Oryol region.

Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in the period from 2019 to 2020 in a breeding reproducer for the Black-and-White breed "Orlovskoye" in the Oryol district of the Oryol region. This farm is typical for the Oryol region in terms of housing conditions, the level of feed, and the technology of milk production. The rations on the farm were per zootechnical standards.

For the research, experimental groups of cows were formed, which are similar in terms of the age of the third lactation and live weight. The research material was individual experimental data, data of pedigree cards, documents of zootechnical and pedigree registration.

The experimental part of the work was a scientific and economic experiment, the scheme of which is shown in Figure 1.

DAIRY PRODUCTIVITY, COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF COW'S MILK OF DIFFERENT LINES UNDER CONDITIONS OF ORYOL REGION

1st group (control)	2nd group	3rd group
Vis Back Ideal line, n = 13	Montvik Chieftain line, n = 10	Reflection Sovereign line, n = 18

Milk productivity, kg		Milk composition, %		Physicochemical properties of milk
Milk yield in 305 days of lactation		Mass fraction of milk fat		Titratable acidity, 0Т
The amount of milk fat		Mass fraction of milk protein		Density, kg/m3
The amount of milk protein		including:
The amount of milk sugar		mass fraction of casein
		mass fraction of whey proteins
		Mass fraction of milk sugar
		Minerals
		Dry solids
		MSNF

Figure 1 – Scheme of the experiment

Under the objectives of the study, three groups of cows of the different lineage were formed: Group 1 - Vis Back Ideal line (control), Group 2 - Montvik Chieftain line, and Group 3 - Reflection Sovereign line.

The milk productivity of the experimental cows was taken into account by carrying out monthly control milking. The biochemical composition and physicochemical properties of milk were determined in milk samples from cows at 3 months of the last completed lactation.

The content of fat, protein, MSNF, and density of milk in the samples were determined using the device "Laktan 1-4 M". The content of casein and whey protein was determined by formol titration. Dry matter and milk sugar content were determined through the calculation according to standard formulas. The titratable acidity of milk was determined by the titrimetric method in the presence of phenolphthalein, the heat resistance was determined by the alcohol test method.

Biometric processing of the experimental results was carried out using the Microsoft Excel program according to the method of G.F. Lakin [12].

Results . Following the tasks set, we carried out a comparative study of milk productivity for the estimated period of productive use of cows of the studied genotypes in one of the breeding farms of the Oryol region. The following indicators were assessed: the number of completed lactations, the average milk yield per lactation, and the total milk yield for all completed lactations (Table 1).

Table 1 – Milk productivity of cows for 305 days of lactation, M±m

Indicators	Experimental groups
	Vis Back Ideal (control), n = 13	Montvik Chieftain, n = 10	Reflection Sovereign, n = 18
Milk yield, kg	6105±245	6127±202	6813±152*
Milk fat amount, kg	242.3±9,76	246.5±8,01	271.6±6.17*
Milk protein amount, kg	200.0±8,39	202.6±6,65	223.9±4.95*
Milk sugar amount, kg	288.3±11,63	295.0±9,59	323.2±7.35*

Hereinafter: * - (P≤0,05); ** - (P≤0,01).

As follows from the materials presented in Table 1, the milk productivity of cows of different lines had certain differences. At the same time, according to the studied indicators, the cows of the Reflection Sovereign line were significantly superior to the cows of the Vis Back Ideal and Montvik Chieftain lines.

So, in terms of milk yield for 305 days of lactation, the superiority of cows of the third group over cows of the first and second groups was 11.6% and 11.2%, respectively (P≤0.05-0.01). In terms of milk fat, the superiority was 12.1% and 10.2%, respectively (P≤0.05-0.01). The amount of milk protein and sugar produced by cows of the Reflection Sovereign line for 305 days of lactation exceeded these indicators in cows of the Vis Back Ideal and Montvik Chieftain lines, respectively, by 12.0-10.5% (P≤0.05) and 12.2- 9.6% (P≤0.05).

In turn, there was no significant difference between the indicators of milk productivity of cows of the Vis Back Ideal and Montvik Chieftain lines.

At the next stage of research, we studied the indicators of the biochemical composition of the milk of cows in the experimental groups (Table 2).

Table 2 – Composition of milk of cows, M±m

Indicators	Experimental groups
	Vis Back Ideal (control), n = 13	Montvik Chieftain, n = 10	Reflection Sovereign, n = 18
Mass fraction of milk fat, %	3.97±0.02	4.02±0.03	3.99±0.02
Mass fraction of milk protein,%	3.28±0.02	3.31±0.02	3.29±0.01
including: mass fraction of casein,%	2.66±0.01	2.70±0.01**	2.66±0.01
mass fraction of whey proteins,%	0.62±0.003	0.61±0.002	0.63±0.001
Mass fraction of milk sugar, %	4.72±0.03	4.82±0.03*	4.74±0.02
Minerals, %	0.81±0.003	0.82±0.003	0.82±0.003
Dry solids, %	12.78±0.08	12.97±0.08	12,84±0.05
MSNF, %	8.81±0.04	8.95±0.05*	8.85±0.03

The analysis of the data obtained shows that the specific indicators of the biochemical composition of milk from cows of the Montvik Chieftain line exceeded the indicators of the Vis Back Ideal and Reflection Sovereign lines in several components.

For example, in terms of mass fraction of casein, the performance of the Montvik Chieftain cows was 1.6% higher than that of the Vis Back Ideal and Reflection Sovereign cows (P≤0.05). Cows of the Montvik Chieftain line showed similar superiority over cows of the first and third groups and in terms of the mass fraction of milk sugar -by 2.1% (P≤0.05) and 1.8% (P≤0.01). The content of MSNF in milk was also higher in the Montvik Chieftain cows in comparison with Vis Back Ideal - by 1.6% (P≤0.05). Concerning the rest of the studied indicators, no differences were found between the experimental groups.

The physicochemical properties of milk from cows in the experimental groups are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 – Physical and chemical properties of milk of cows

Indicators	Experimental groups
	Vis Back Ideal (control), n = 13	Montvik Chieftain, n = 10	Reflection Sovereign, n = 18
Acidity, 0Т	17.59±0,04	18.1±0,08	17.58±0,06
Density, kg/m3	1029.1±11,0	1029.2±26,0	1028.9±19,0

The studies made it possible to conclude that the milk of the cows of the experimental groups did not differ in the studied physicochemical properties. At the same time, milk from cows of the Vis Back Ideal, Montvik Chieftain, and Reflection Sovereign lines met all the requirements of GOST 31449-2013 "Raw cow's milk".

Conclusions. 1. In terms of milk yield for 305 days of lactation, the superiority of Reflection Sovereign cows over Vis Back Ideal and Montvik Chieftain cows was 11.6% and 11.2%, respectively (P≤0.05-0.01). In terms of milk fat, the advantage was 12.1% and 10.2%, respectively (P≤0.05-0.01).

• 2.    The amount of milk protein and sugar produced by cows of the Reflection Sovereign line for 305 days of lactation exceeded these indicators in cows of the Vis Back Ideal line and the Montvik Chieftain line by 12.010.5% (P≤0.05) and 12, respectively, 2-9.6% (P≤0.05).

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